And one more (profound) thing... "Never trust the artist, trust the tale." That Eliot, Pound [and ,yes, Yeats] had 'fascist tendencies' is something to be accounted for, not used as any kind of important knock-down of their output; or, if a knock-down, then only of those utopian dreams that may partly underpin their aesthetics. [Knock-down as, in perhaps P's most famous "quote", "To seek heaven on earth only brings hell." But Popper was too much an aesthete hinself, even if a somewhat puritannical one, to argue - as it were, in reverse-mirror of totalitarians' demand that art serve the politics - that, in a world where perfectionist political aims were a disaster and need to be replaced by fallibilist ones, art should abandon concern with any claims of 'perfectionism'. Such a claim would never easily follow to anyone who deeply appreciates art]. Popper's OSE was the first book of his I read (by lucky accident, as it had Marx in the title, and I was studying Marx, so I took a look) and in its attack on totalitarianism he identifies a large part of its appeal is in its underlying 'perfectionism' or, we might say with negative connotations, utopianism. If this is anything like the simple but profound point I take it to be, it is no surprise perhaps that the perfection-seeking aesthete is sometimes drawn to some kind of 'perfectionist' political dream; indeed that some kind of such dream - whether obviously political or not - underlies their art and its practice. [We might say desire for democracy and liberty as impulses behind Beethoven and, say, his _Fidelio_, are also a kind of aesthetic dream; and not be surprised by the story of Beethoven being pro- then anti- Napoleon; of course, this dream is better - but it is only an accident of history that Beethoven's music is also of the greatest: the devil might have better tunes]. These comments were perhaps encapsulated in Mill's observation that, to paraphrase, it is blind to think aesthetics is the criterion of ethics. Donal ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html