Helm: "Cartledge considers the Sparta that matters to have occurred between 480 to 360 bc." --- Perhaps he is afraid, as perhaps he should, that if he undusts the earlier past he'll find connections with incest, paidophilia, and the Indo-European pretty 'illegal' three-caste stystem. This has been explored by Dumezil, and other French authors (eg. Sergent) According to this model, there is the caste of the _milites_ which is based on the homosexual bond. This homosexuality is rendered 'temporary' and a rite of passage only, where the passive partner is the pre-adult who becomes an adult. It is 'illegal' in that it represents some sort of sexual activity taking place with what we today would have as by definition, someone who is not 'a consenting adult'. ----- "Here he is describing them in 500 when they haven't quite gotten their act together" -- and recall that Turtaios is 700 B. C., so at this point Cartlage may fail to interest the antiquarian! _http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Dumézil) In 1929 Dumézil published Flamen-Brahman, the first full statement of his trifunctional hypothesis; the idea was repeated in Mitra-Varuna, perhaps his most accessible work. _http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis) The hypothesis states that Indo-European [Western] [culture] has societies divided into three similar roles: warriors, priests, and farmers. I must say I seem to have found Dumezil's 'function theory' pretty unrealistic and unrefutable in the best of Popper's uses of the word, and I was never weeded to it, indeed, I never _proposed_ it (or even propositioned it). It's the kind of theory that an Argentine -- of the type I have met at the Faculte des Beaux Arts, and Belles Lettres -- would love and will love. One problem with Sergent, who quotes Dumezil quite a bit is that the translation leaves a lot to be desired by 'Anglo-Saxon' lovers of scholarship, but I'll see if I can quote some relevant passages from Sergent as they relate to Sparta. The book has subsections with titles like: - 'Pederasty and Initiation: Ethnographic Paralels' - Pelops and Laius [with Pelops as founder of Peloponnese] It may be useful to criss-cross (if that's the word) with Dover's book on Greek Sexualities. The man is pretty jejune (teaches at 'The House', Christ Church, Oxford) and dedicates his book, to "Athenian Sexuality" which is a bore. But again, the book has sections with titles like -- 'The Dorians' "The most widely accepted generalisation about [this type of Greek sexuality] is that it originated in the MILITARY ORGANISATION of Dorian states (so that its diffusion throughout the Greek world was a product of Dorian influence" (p. 185). "And that [this type of sexuality] was more acceptable in certain Dorian regions (notably Sparta) than elsewhere." (p. 185). "The first part of this generalisation is not refutable and may be true". "The second part of the generalisation might possibly be true." "The generalisation is largely founded on Plato, Laws -- where one of the speakers is a Spartan". "In 636ab, responding to the Spartan's claim that the military organisation of communal messes and physical training contribute to sophrosune" "The Spartan is embarrassed by the attack by the Athenian and turns the conversation onto the restraints imposed upon drunkeness at Sparta." "In due course the Athenian comes back to sexual legislation in detail" (cf. p. 165). "Even if Plato intended to imply that [this sort of sexuality] began in Sparta and spread thence over the Greek world, we are not obliged to respect his authority." *p. 186). "Neither he nor any other Greek of the classical period [580-323] was in a strong position to discover how a 'social usage' was diffused two or three centuries earlier." "In implying that at the time of writing _Laws_ [Nomoi] Sparta was exceptional in the degree of approval which they extended to [this type of sexuality], Plato deserves a hearing." "Among interesting entries in lexica we find Kesykhios, 'lakonize, use paidika' cf. Suda l 62), 'in the Lakonian way', penetrate'. "the Lakonians guard their woemn less than any other people'. Aristarkhos says that Kleinias was called 'kusolakon' because he 'laconized' with the 'kusos'. And they called using 'paidika' 'lakonizing' -- kusos, buttocks or vulva." "The Athenians applied 'laconize' to imitation of Spartan dress and routine and adoption of pro-Spartan policies and to participation in [sexual anal] copulation." In Plato Georgias, 515e, Kallikles refers to the Laconizers as 'the men with cauliflower ears." "The Socratic circle contained some, notably Kritias, who admired Sparta and were prepared to BETRAY ATHENS. But we do not seem to encounter in Plato PEOPLE WHO IMITATED SPARTAN AUSTERITY AND DIRT --- Aristophanes Birds 128f refers to a 'craze for Sparta', but does not associate it with any particular class of the population. [If so, it would be low class rather than upper class, as I wrongly believed when I talked about Etonians. JLS] "Photios used 'kusolakon' to mean penetrate anally, "for that is how Theseus used Helen, according to Aristotle" -- Whether this is Aristotle the philosopher or his contemporary [?] the historian, we cannot be sure" "Athenaios 60sd, Deipnosophists, says that "before marriage, it is customary for the Spartans to associate with virgin girls as with paidika". "Aristotle siad that Theseos 'invented' anal intercourse -- with Helen". In Lysistrata, Aristophanes has a Spartian say, "I like to manure" -- which is taken to mean anal penetration. This in response to an Athenian who says he prefers to 'plow the land'. "The peculiarty of Spartan society was the SEGREGATION of the MALE CITIZEN opulation into messes and barracks --" (but cfr. Helm's recent post that girls would wrestle with boys). "In Sparta there's a deliberate withdrawal of authority from fathers." "Spartan society was was a hole permanently organised like AN ARMY IN TRAINING." "The young Spartan was not invovled, as he grew up, in a simple opposition between sexual love for women and sexual loyalty to the males of his own unity. A Spartan could in fact enter into FOUR RELATIONSHIPS: first, loyalty to the males of his age-group, with whom he competed for recognition of his male virtues and with whom he may (for all we know) have had frequent and casual homosexual relationships; secondly, the much more intense ERASTES-EROMENOS relationship as elsewhere in the Greek world; third, marriage, and fourthly, if there is antyhing in the evidence of Hagnon, an erastes-EROMENE relationship with an unmarried girl, consummated anally." "We come back to the Dorians solely on the strength of the link between MILITARY ORGANISATION [and this type of sexuality]." "It might be more helpful to consider the archaic period" (pre 480 BC). "The graffiti of Thera, a Spartan colony, may go back well into the seventh century, B. C.," "There are no homosexual elements discernible in the elegiac poetry of Turtaios." "Turtaios's reference -- fr. 10.27-30) to the beauty of a young man is modelled on Homerus, Il. xxii 71-3 and makes the point that it is shameful to see an old man dying of wounds on the battlefield but appropriate that the yound should suffer wounds and death." "It was possible in classical regards to regard [this type of sexulaity] as characteristically Spartan." "Plato criticises its exceptionally entrenched position in the society of Sparta." "Sparta alone went to the length of constructing a society in which familial and individual relationships were both formally and effectively subordinated to military organisation." "The Spartans went a stage further in professing to have as much more regard regard for qualities of charcter than for bodily beauty. Ephoros F149, cf. PLU Agis 2.1, on the achievement of Agis, as a lame boy, in becoming the eromenos of Lysander. At Sparta (Plu Lyc 22.8) the educational responsibility of the erastes was so interpreted that the BORE THE BLAME for a deficiency in COURAGE [andreia, virtus] manifested by his eromenos." "Spartan terminology ('breathe into ...', 'inspire' AELIAN Varia Historia iii 12, Hesykhios e 2476 = fall in love with, and EISPNELOS or EISPNELAS (Kallimakhos fr. 68, Pfeiffer, Theokritos 12.13] = 'breather-into' = 'erastes') points to a notion that the erastes was able to transfer qualities from himself into his eromenos." Etc. Cartledge, op. cit., p 83: "On one notorious occasion, we learn from Herodotus, the Spartans marched out bearing measuring rods to parcel out the land they thought they would soon be acquiring, and chains to fetter their new Arcadian Helots who would work the land for them, but they suffered a defeat and ended up as prisoners of war wearing their own chains. The battle became known therefore as the Battle of the Fetters, and a century later, Herodotus was shown what were claimed to be the very fetters in the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea; 600 years later, such was the strength of the tradition, the religiously inspired Greek traveler Pausanias was shown allegedly the same chains. . . ." ----- This Pausanias has been everywhere. I have his first two Loeb volumes, but find him jejune! "Curtius described Xerxes disgust at the Greeks who were always fighting amongst themselves. That was perhaps a justified criticism in one sense, but in another, by fighting amongst themselves, they became especially good at it." This is Cartlage --. Yes, there must be something to it. Remember that one of the pentathlon was indeed the _wrestle_ and I have to research more about it. And that by combat Greeks ALWAYS meant one-to-one or single combat (Geary --- Instit. Annals Milit. Graeco-Rom., iii ad 678b) calls it 'double combat' (phallaggas duiein, duplex excercisio) in that it's strictly 'two people' rather than a single one. "Perhaps such losses as the one Cartledge describes here encouraged the Spartans to . . . well, become more Spartan. Someone, Lycurgus perhaps, saw what it would take for Sparta to defeat the non-Spartans round about that they knew about, and they went about reforming themselves and became able to do that." I don't think you can become more Spartan than the Spartans. The Etonians -- at one very short time -- wanted to be "more Spartan than the Spartans" -- but that's a different animal! Possibly here we should also remember your three ancestors, and Geary's one-armed Mr. Sweet, who fought Spartaically against the North. "I was watching something on WWII awhile back and they said that Eisenhower wanted to invade France and go after the Germans at once, but Churchill and others dissuaded him. They thought it more prudent to go to North Africa and then up the Italian peninsula, much to the disgust of the American generals, but later Eisenhower realized that the American forces were not as ready to take on the Germans as he thought they were. They needed the practice of North Africa and Italy to get ready." Yes, it was a good thing they didn't bomb the Colisseum, though, as it's their wont. (bombing things -- McCreery may testify). In the case of the Colisseum, as opposed to Hiroshima, the argument was made by some (so-called) "dagos" (newly immigrated Italians in the American troops) who thought it would be a 'pity to destroy the monuments -- if not the people'. For some reason, their opinion prevailed. Sophia Loren recalls that in her Autobiography. "The Spartans had plenty of practice, but they needed to get better. They needed an edge, and their eugenic approach to procreation, their competitive practices and their dedicated training gave them that edge." Yes, the _ascesis_ -- which is possibly what the Romans translated as 'exercitus' (I will have to check that), which seems like an interesting semantic connection -- if proved to derive from 'exercise'. In the Loeb notes from FRONTINUS I've been posting to the list I noted that he uses 'exercitum' and it's translated as 'troops' or 'army'. Indeed, the current Spanish form is "ejército" ----- army which should be cognate with "ejercicio" ---- exercise. So that 'army exercise', in Spanish becomes a sort of jocular redundancy -- as is, alas, thus seen -- which may explain our Salamis at the F*cklands. Cheers, JL Nothing has changed and nations still want a military edge. There will be occasions when they have to fight; so they strive to equip themselves with the proper weapons and give their military forces proper training. And then when the crisis occurs they will learn whether their preparations were adequate. Israel in their recent encounter with Hezbollah in Lebanon, for example, has had to rethink their training procedures. Hezbollah is probably rethinking theirs. **************************************Check out AOL's list of 2007's hottest products. (http://money.aol.com/special/hot-products-2007?NCID=aoltop00030000000001)