I'm not sure, Lawrence, that I understand what you mean by "liberal democracy", given your post. But I am sure that your LH>Germany never met the criteria of a liberal democracy until after WWII. LH>No one thinks that they did, by the way. is a bit bizarre. Cf Rudolf Heberle _From Democracy to Nazism_ (terrific! but, Richard Evans told me, shown to be wrong/atypical -- fyi the "democracy" is not the point at issue -- still, most interesting) http://www.adinfinitumbooks.com/si/14726X1.html Carl Schmitt (Ellen Kennedy, trans) _Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy_ http://www.amazon.com/Parliamentary-Democracy-Studies-Contemporary-Thought/dp/0262691264/sr=1-20/qid=1157470815/ref=sr_1_20/102-3951326-1175348?ie=UTF8&s=books Peter Caldwell and William Scheuerman, eds. _From Liberal Democracy to Fascism: Legal and Political Thought in the Weimar Republic_ http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:0ZAG4MRKDdYJ:www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi%3Fpath%3D81921070568363+Weimar+%2Bliberal+democracy&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2 etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. of course there's room for an argument that Weimar wasn't a "real" liberal democracy, but then, there's even more room to argue that China isn't. Judy Evans, Cardiff, UK ----- Original Message ----- From: Lawrence Helm To: lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Sent: Tuesday, September 05, 2006 4:10 PM Subject: [lit-ideas] Re: On the prospect of World Peace Cough, couch, cough, "a beginning?" What are you talking about? Of course there has been a beginning, a process, war after war among competing systems, varieties of systems until in 1990 there remained only two competing major systems; then in 1991 there was only one, Liberal Democracy. It isn't a matter of taking it seriously, that is a simple fact. You can't dispute it. You mentioned China, but China following the lead of Hong Kong is instituting many of the elements of Liberal Democracy. Can they retain some control over the government and still reap the benefits of a free economy? They are trying. They have had to give up one of the basic elements of a Communist system, i.e., a state-run economy; so they don't meet the criteria of Communism any longer. Few consider China the threat they were during the Cold War. I don't understand what you are saying about Brazil. They are a developing liberal democracy. Remember, Liberal Democracies don' t war with Liberal Democracies. As to Germany, Democracy was forced upon them after WWI and they resented it. Even so, it might have caught on had it not been for the depression. Germany didn't feel they had lost WWI and they didn't' appreciate a government imposed upon them. They wanted a great leader to save their country from the people who "betrayed it." They had major unresolved issues after WWI that took WWII to resolve. Germany never met the criteria of a liberal democracy until after WWII. No one thinks that they did, by the way. There is no one saying that Weimer Germany means there was one exception to the dictum that Liberal Democracies don't war with Liberal Democracies. [I suppose I shouldn't be quite so absolute. There seem to be people who will say the most absurd and impossible things; so there may be people saying this as well.] In the "Last Man" portion of The End of History and the Last Man, Fukuyama does consider the possibility that there may in the future "End of History" period arise an individual so charismatic and so imbued with unrelenting thymos that he will, merely to avoid the boredom of Nietzsche's "Last Man," engage in some unique action that will start history all over again, but Fukuyama seems not to have continued to pursue that possibility after finishing his book. Lawrence From: lit-ideas-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:lit-ideas-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Andy Amago Sent: Tuesday, September 05, 2006 7:39 AM To: lit-ideas Subject: [lit-ideas] Re: On the prospect of World Peace I guess if there's an end of history there has to be a beginning. History is only in the last 15 some years. That explains a lot of things but it also begs the question of how anyone can take this stuff seriously. Of course there are challengers. What about China with it's evolving Confucian Capitalistic Communism? They're predicted to be the superpower by the year 2030. What about Brazil, even though Brazil's liberal democracy is second or third after Iraq for hell on earth (my ranking on my personal Hell on Earth Scale). China is evolving. We don't know how China is going to shake out. Also, I have personally lived through so many predictions that never panned out that predicting the end of history through an ascendency of liberal democracy is down there with leisure suits and hot pants, a political fashion, meaningless. Also, Hitler arose out of the Weimar Republic, a democracy. He rose through the system. There was no coup. He was elected and the country then went fascist. I also said with the exception of Japan, WWII was fought in and among liberal democracies. Germany's being a liberal democracy didn't stop it from becoming fascist. Internal Virus Database is out-of-date. Checked by AVG Free Edition. Version: 7.1.405 / Virus Database: 268.11.4/424 - Release Date: 21/08/2006 ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html