Thanks to L. Helm and J. Evans for links! My topic. Opera singing! In general, it should be illegal! In the old days, poor Neapolitan fathers who wanted a career for their sons in opera had it simply: they cut the boy's balls -- this yielded a 'castrato'. Farinelli, in London, was all the rage. Of course, it is illegal. ----- Similarly, a voice needs to BREAK to become a 'voice'. A secondary sexual characteristic (in girls as much as boys) is a lowering of a tone. In general, this operation (cutting of one's testicles -- for the case of a male) should be made, I am told, before PUBERTY. Nourrit, a tenor, who comitted suicide afterwards, found that the procedure yielded no results AFTER puberty, and he could still not reach the 'chest C' (do di petto). ---- In general, it is all biological. There are vary FEW female basses, why so? Speranza -- Bordighera