In a message dated 6/27/2012 10:41:09 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time, rpaul@xxxxxxxx writes: ['Wen wir sagen: "jedes Wort der Sprache bezeichnet etwas"...'] Aha. This should complicate things nicely enough. From what I understand, Witters's "-zeich-", as in "bezeichnet", is cognate with English (pre-Grimm's Shift), '-tok-' as in "token". A 'token' of appreciation. For a token is a sign, you know. It may do to revise the vernacular ways to signal 'signalling'. We have "mean" (as per you know who), but we have "signify" as per Anscombe. And we have 'bezeichnen", i.e. 'token'. Note, incidentally, and I think Augustine knew this: to 'teach' is cognate with 'token'. Similarly, in Italian, to 'teach' is still cognate with 'sign', for to teach is understood as just displaying this or that sign. I'm less sure the Greeks were so optimistic about teaching. R. P.: "The German, translated as 'lilliburlero,' by Anscombe, is 'juwiwallera.'" Cfr. "Mit dem März ist nun bald auch der Frühling da, draußen singen die Vögel schon „juwi-wallera“." Of course Witters need not be shown (or said) the true significance of Anscombe's version: LILLIBURLERO: "The song's title and the words of the refrain have been interpreted as a garbled version of the Irish words Lile ba léir é, ba linn an lá, "Lilly was clear and ours was the day". The lily may be a reference to the fleur de lis of France, or to a popular interpreter of prophecies named William Lilly, who had prophesied in the late 16th century that a Catholic would come to the throne of England. Alternatively, the lyrics could mean, "Lilly is clear [about this], the day will be ours". It is also thought that "Lilli" is a familiar form of William, and that bullero comes from the Irish "Buaill Léir ó", which gives: "William defeated all that remained"." I'm less sure about tra-la-la. Again, from wiki: "The song's popularity is largely due to its euphemistic chorus:[citation needed] "Ooohh, you touch my tra la la... Mmmmm, My ding ding dong." -- where 'tra la la' contra Witters, seems to be the name of some object (or other). Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html