As a Gricean JLS says he is not interested in research - but, one may infer, in unresearchable questions like this. We can render it empirical by taking "Homo sapien sapiens" to include News Of The World journalists, in which case, again empirically, it appears many are redundant. But what Gricean trickery can do with this question is more far-reaching, opening up vistas of other pressing questions such as the Gore Vidal debate - Is "Homo Homo Sapiens Sapiens" redundant? Research is interesting btw because it may challenge our preconceptions and falsify our theories rather merely pander to our prejudices as certain kinds of 'language analysis' tend to do. Donal ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html