L.H.: What is happening in Europe hasn't surprised those of us who have been closely following Islamism. *This assertion strikes me as self-important. Frankly, anyone who has been reading the newspapers or just watching the TV for some time is not surprised by almost anything any more. Islamism is essentially Fascist and in Europe as elsewhere Islamists believe in Islam uber alles. If they are Islamists then they don't believe in integrating into a European culture. *I object to your generalizations about Islamists. There are very different opinions among Islamists including liberal, Marxist, conservative, radical, pro-Western, anti-Western etc, democratic, authoritatian etc. I don't know of any branch of Islamism that thoroughly subscribes to Nazi or Fascist ideas on the European model, but some have been influenced by them. I am sorry that your extensive reading about Islamism has not apparently given you any greater sophistication about the subject. They retain practices normative for Islamists. This would apply to Islamists who immigrated to Europe (and since they are regularly being chased from Middle Eastern nations they antagonize, there are plenty of them looking for new homes) and those who convert to Islamism while in Europe. *There are also Muslims born in Europe, Lawrence. I count myself among them. I also consider myself an Islamist, but I don't find that your characterizations of Islamists are applicable to me. The liberal idea that we can all be just one big happy multicultural hymn to joy was never achievable. The Islamists think they have the better culture, better laws, better ideals, and they are firmly convinced that they have free passes to paradise while the atheistic European infidel is destined for hell. *The same of course applies to their counter-parts in the West. Frankly I don't think that the conflict is about culture, it's really about political ideas and interests. Islamism is not even a coherent political ideology, still less is it tied to a particular culture. (Remainder: Bosnia, Turkey, Egypt, Iran and Indonesia have very different cultures.) O.K. __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html