In a message dated 10/9/2011 3:22:16 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, jejunejesuit.geary2@xxxxxxxxx writes: My primary interest in ethics or moral philosophy is in the conflict between moral principles and necessity. Is it immoral to leave a newborn baby out on a hill to die when there is not enough food to feed the family? ---- Part of the problem here is the Latinism, "necessitas". In shorter Anglo-Saxon, "she needs him." ---- Some moralists have argued that there is necessity in _moral principles_, so the conflict, for Geary is between one type of necessity and the other type of necessity. It ain't morally necessarily so; but it is physically necessary so. It ain't physically necessarily so; but it is morally necessary so. It may be argued that moral necessity supervenes on physical necessity: "Fly!" the mother orders the child. Since a child doesn't have wings, she cannot fly. So, "You ought to fly" tends to be a vacuous moral principle (hence its non-existence) since, "ought implies PHYSICAL can", and so on. Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html