I had written: "The vehicles of change might be through referendum or electing a particular group of representatives into power." to which Simon Ward replied: "Only if the state in question is democratic." I agree, but these were merely examples. I am not trying to describe the conditions for change but addressing the fact that they can and do happen. How does a state change from a Monarchy to a Constitutional Monarchy, as in the case of the U.K.? How does a state shift from a single party oligarchy to a multi-party democracy, as in the case of the former East Germany? How do settlements of immigrants form themselves into a state, as in the case of the U.S.? My point is that trying to understand these cases is not a matter of grasping some universal principle of the 'authority of state', but rather recognizing the particular circumstances people found themselves in that led them to form better government. Once we have moved beyond beating our favourite ideological drums, it seems to me that we are left with the important business of thinking about how the Palestinians and Iraqis might go about forming good government. Sincerely, Phil Enns Toronto, ON ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html