In a message dated 9/22/2004 12:42:06 PM Eastern Standard Time, donalmcevoyuk@xxxxxxxxxxx writes: McEvoy would also say that since some women (sadly) give birth not even knowing what is happening until it is all over there is also a counter-example to the "expectant mother", unless we engage again in similar "irresponsible analyticism" ie. stipulating such a person is somehow not a mother for the purposes of the expression "expectant mother". Here's an expression for discussion as analytic/tautologous - "Popper was bored by most analytic philosophy as trivial and question-begging because of the kinds of reason given here by way of reply to JLS". ---- Well, thank you. I now see what P. Stone thought when he thought that 'expectant mother' was a tautology. Apparently, 'expecting [sic, null set]' is "slang" for "... is pregnant". Since a father can not be pregnant, I can't see how McEvoy goes on to justify the expression "expectant _father_". Surely synthetic a posteriori, and a posteriori false. Now, as applied to 'mother', the idea is: "Alice is expecting" iff "Alice is pregnant". The path from "... is expecting" to " ... is an expectant mother" is syntactic. If we are broad-minded enough to apply 'expectant' for a _past_ adverbial ("She _was_ an expectant mother"), then, via the principle: Once an expectant mother, always an expectant mother -- then, _indeed_, 'expectant mother' _is_ tautologous (and indeed redundant); for, surely, every mother has (to be, at some time) 'pregnant' and that's what the 'expecting' idiom merely means. Cheers, JL ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html