[lit-ideas] Donkeys; or, Laconicisms Illustrated
- From: Jlsperanza@xxxxxxx
- To: lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2007 12:36:28 EST
1845 MAURICE Moral Philosophy, in Encycl. Metrop. 570
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"Terse sentences, such as the Spartan delighted in."
************************************************************************
"Donkeys", he said laconically
---
>>It's fascinating Cartledge. Is he a British author?
Helm:
>Yes:
And yes, now that I think about it -- I had read about him in the wiki
review of "300". "Paul Cartledge, Professor of Greek History at Cambridge
University, advised the filmmakers on the pronunciation of Greek names, and
states
that they "made good use" of his published work on Sparta. He praises the film
for its portrayal of "the Spartans' heroic code," and of "the key role played
by women in backing up, indeed reinforcing, the male martial code of heroic
honor," while expressing reservations about its "'West' (goodies) vs 'East'
(baddies) polarization."[72] Cartledge writes that he enjoyed the film,
although he found Leonidas' description of the Athenians as "boy lovers"
ironic,
given his views on the institutional pederasty of the Spartan educational
system.[73]"
------- I remember I analysed on this list about him (although I do not
think I mentioned him by name -- but about the idea of 'hypocrisy'. On this
list,
I relabelled that as some inability on the part of some (addressees) to
catch the Laconian as it were implicature
LEONIDAS: The boy-loving Athens! I detest them!
It's not clear that the implicature is that he detests them because they are
boy-loving (as I think not) but because they are "Athens". But I realise
it's a subtle Laconian implicature! :-). ----- Interesting that he advised on
pronunciation -- I hear that they have 'Thermopylae' pronounced as "Hot Gates".
Good advice! :-)
Helm shares:
"Paul Cartledge is a Professor of Greek History at Cambridge University, and
a fellow of Clare. A world expert on Athens and Sparta in the Classical Age,
he has been described as a Laconophile. He was chief historical consultant
for the BBC TV series The Greeks and the Channel 4 series The Spartans,
presented by Bettany Hughes. Cartledge completed his doctoral thesis in
Spartan
archaeology at Oxford in 1975. His thesis advisor was Professor Sir John
Boardman."
Very good. I have one book by, notably his "Classical Greek Scultpure",
which must be the best on stock. But mind, my favourites are _out_ of stock,
and
treasure a few volumes on Greek sculpture as it used to be studied back in
the early 1900s, when all they had to study was no silliness of "The British
School at Athens" -- imperialism and brain drainage at its worst -- but the
friezes stolen from the Parthenon!
Re: Sparta _not_ being on an island.
>I don't know what you mean by this.
Right, and I should speak for myself. I was meaning to say that islanders
don't necessarily interest me. I guess it's the anthropologist in me. Islanders
as isolated, etc. -- England for some reason I would make a distinction.
>At one time I was an anglophile
>and more interested in English history than American.
--- Well, yes, but England does not count as your typical island, I would
say, as Long Island does!
(i) The Anglo-Saxons came from Angeln, in Germany.
(ii) William came from Normandy.
(iii) Etc.
>Off and on, I have
>been interested in Japanese history ? to the point that someone on Lit-Ideas
>or perhaps Phil-Lit (could have been Theoria), can?t remember who, chastised
>me for being fond of a race that did such brutal things to the Chinese. The
>Rape of Nanking was held up as a reason I ought not like the Japanese ? and
>ought to be ashamed of myself.
--- Cannot help you there. I know of _Nanki Poo_, but he was not raped, that
I know of. He is the silly tenor role -- played originally by a Scot, in
"Mikado". The film ("Topsy Turvy") is so excellent. It shows how W. S. Gilbert
got interested in the thing after the Exhibition in Hyde Park. I know
Nanki-Poo parts by heart, but his name is supposed to mean 'handkerchief' in
English
'hankypoo'. Very funny.
>We Americans seem never to have given up the naïve belief that all
>anyone has to do to be convinced of America's superior way of life and
>everything else, is to be here for a visit. However sending a volunteer
>through military basic training implies a level of commitment beyond that
>naïve expectation.
-- I see what you mean. It would be interesting to have _journals_ of these
volunteers, so that we could examine their secret reactions. But now R. Paul
informs us it's forbidden ("Secrecy and Anthopology").
>About the Agoge, I experienced something like that in a watered-down fashion
>(maybe any nation with a military tradition has something like this). As
>kids we played war games with toy pistols and wooden swords. Then when I
>was older, knowing all along I was going to join the Marine Corps, I began
>training to make myself more competent. I joined the gymnastic team in High
>School for that reason. Boot Camp turned out to be easy for me
>physically.
---- RIght. I was reading about the different 'camps' the Spartans had. The
agoge, then there's the andreia, and then there's another thing, starting
with a 's-', which was like a movable 'agoge'.
The consideration was that Sparta, as a polis, would have the barracks
_inside_ the city, which is not perhaps natural, but I don't know about Athens,
say. Apparently, it was conceived that a 'movable' basis was preferrable for
training. I may have mentioned this on my earlier post on Spartanicism
("Spartan
Jejunity", perhaps -- will check out".
"Agoge" is a word that has philosophical implications for the philosopher. I
never liked it! I think it translates Latin "introductio". Which is a word
I hate in curricula. "Introduction to Philosophy", "Introductory Philosophy".
Call it "Philosophy I" -- as in Harvard!
Another problem with 'agoge' is that it relates to some words Aristotle uses
for 'inductio' and 'deductio', but should have to revise that. In one sense,
the Latin equivalent was 'duc-', and then we have the perhaps not terrible
anachronism of having Leonidas described as "The Duce" (and cfr. 'educatio').
"Paidagoge" would be the leading of the children. Onto what I'm never sure.
The word is so _vague_. Perhaps 'didaktike' tekhne is less biased, but filled
with its own implicatures (as 'teach' -- 'insegnare', in Italian -- the
method via _signs_.
>And then about the idea of accepting a Muslim into the military ? We have
>had an occasional problem with that. Some Muslims in the military, when
>push came to shove, opted to support the Ummah (as they saw it) rather than
>their fellow soldiers, but not many. Most accept the American way of life
>and entertain no desire to become radical Islamists.
Well, good to learn. It would be most unethical otherwise, but you are never
sure, as you do mention the exceptions, with those _clashes_ of
civilisation.
>You mentioned something along the lines of mandatory military training being
>a good thing. I have usually come down on the opposite side of that since
>the Marine Corps does not believe in the draft."
Being elitist, I understand.
>The Marines, and any elite
>fighting unit, only wants volunteers.
Grice has a good line about that. When discussing _ethics_, we recalls
Philippa Foot, and mentions a philosopher at Seattle (David Keyt's the name)
who
would compare morality with the volunteer versus non-volunteer system. We would
like to see _morality_ as a *volunteer* thing, never a draft!
>They want people who want to be
>Marines and don't want to waste time on people who are there against their
>will. On the other hand, perhaps, there was at least one draftee in my
>boot-camp platoon. He didn't volunteer for the draft, but once drafted he
>was given his choice of military branches, at least the choice between the
>Army and the Marines. I don't recall if you could choose to go into the
>Navy or the Air Force after being drafted. Those services were obviously
>relatively safe choices in that we were fighting the North Koreans and
>Chinese at the time and neither of them had a navy or air force worthy of
>the name. The navy & air force may have been getting all the volunteers
>(volunteers who wanted to avoid being drafted and given the choice between
>the army and the Marines) they could handle.
--- Interesting. I will see if I find what Grice says about the thing. He
writes -- this was the Paul Carus Philosophical Lecture on "Absolute Value"
"What seems to me wrong with [a relativistic] procedure
at this point is not that it is an unsuitable procedure
for
producing rabbits from hat (it is indeed quite suitable),
but that on this occasion it does not produce any
rabbits."
"As one of my colleagues at Seattle (David Keyt [Grice
was
Visiting Professor] remarked,
ONCE YOU ARE IN ONE OF THE SERVICES
IT DOES NOT MATTER WHETHER YOU ARE
ONE OF THE VOLUNTEERS OR ONE OF THE
CONSCRIPTS."
"Both are treated alike, and indeed, virtually no one
knows which you are."
But the 'virtually' is important, since it's a value-word, 'in principle'
nobody should care which you are. -- so it's good you qualify, if that's what
it's meant.
'there was *at least* one draftee'
although your qualification that he didn't volunteer for the draft I don't
follow, and seems to complicate the issue -- for better, perhaps.
Grice continues to draw a moral out of this:
"The fact that a consideration is motivating
independently of any desire one may have
does not imply as a matter iehter of physical
or logical necessity that one in facts acts
in line with it".
The reference to the volunteer/conscript is originally used by Philippa
Foot. Grice realls:
"Foot, an old friend of mine, told me on one of the
more recent occasions when we discussed these
questions that she had not intended to attach
very much weight to her _mot_ about
'volunteers and conscripts'."
"If this is so, then I think that in one pretty important
respect she was doing herself an injustice."
"It is very much the right _kind_ of consideration
to bring to bear."
--- the original passage relating to Foote is commented by Grice as:
"A subsidiary argument of Foot's is, I think, one
which would represent the idea that morality
consists in a system of categorical imperatives
as *distasteful*, indeed morally distasteful; or
at least as less tasteful than the ... alternative.
We would rather, she suggests, be able to think
of people as
VOLUNTEERS
in moral service, than be forced to think of them
as conscripts."
---- Just for the record, and I think the info is available online in the
Encyclopedia, S. Chapman has this online article on Grice where she details H.
P. Grice's military career with the Royal Navy. He was in active service at
the beginning of the "Second World War" -- but they didn't call it like that
_then_, but 'phoney' is offensive --, and indeed was almost hit by a German
submarine in the North Atlantic. He was later moved to the Admiralty -- and I
always wanted to visit the building in London just to see where Grice worked.
I don't know where it is, but not far from Piccadilly Circus, I hope. He
retired with the title of Captain, and in 1945 went back to St. John's to
tutor
in philosophy for some twenty years. What a man!
>This fellow, the draftee who opted for the Marines over the Army, was a
>couple of years older than the rest of us. He did his job, if I recall
>correctly, but didn't have the naïve enthusiasm of most of the rest of us.
Good to learn. I mean, that he did the job correctly and that you were
naively enthusiastic (love that Greek word, the god-in-you).
I see if I append some Laconian quotes with this. The meaning was sometimes
not clear, so "He's a Laconian", fig. -- could mean "Spartan" or
"Lacedaimonian", but it's mostly "Laconicity" of speech that is best understood
as
meaning, jejunity or economy of means to make your point across. A rather
strong
Gricean point, only that he would loose it a bit to allow for 'implicatures'
and metaphor, for example. But the true Spartan, I was told, would not tell a
lie even in jest (i.e. would not indulge in Athenian figures of speech like
irony, etc.)
1602 Metamorph. Tabacco 41 "The rude Laconians, whom Lycurgus care Barr'd
from the traffick of exotick ware." [f. L. <NOBR>L (f. Gr. Lakon, Lakonia,
Lakonikos, v. lakonizein, lakonistes. -- Lakedaimon, Lakedaimonia,
Lakedaimonios).
1842 PRICHARD Nat. Hist. Man 201. "The Laconians differ in manners and
address from their neighbours the Arcadians."
1580 NORTH Plutarch 44. "Some had reason which said heretofore, to speak
Laconian-like, was to be Philosopher-like."
1830 Müller's Hist. & Antiq. Doric Race 502. We have considered the Doric
dialect in general, as spoken by the whole race, only marking out the
Laconian as its purest variety.
1875 Encycl. Brit. XI. 133/2. "Three changes characteristic of Laconian
came in at a comparatively late date."
1954 GAYNOR Dict. Ling. 118. Laconian, one of the Doric dialects of ancient
Greek.
1583 Exec. for Treason iij. Plutarch often quotes the Delphick and Laconick
Commentaries.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny 613. There be many other Emerauds..taken forth of the
mountain Taygetus in Laconia, and those therefore be named Laconick.
1683 SIDNEY Disc. Govt. 251. "This was not peculiar to the severe Laconic
Discipline".
<NOB ROBINSON Archæol. Græca II. i. 131. The River Eurotas, which runs into
the Laconic Gulf.
<NOB CHUBB Locks & Keys 5. The Laconic keys consisted of three single teeth,
in the figure of the letter E. [Cf. clavem laconicam, Plaut. Most.].
1787 J. ADAMS Def. Constit. Govt. 287. The latest revolution that we read
of, was conducted..in the Grecian style, with Laconic energy.
1589 JAS. VI in Ellis Orig. Lett. 28. To excuse me for this my Laconic
writting I am in such haste.
1625 BEAUM. & FL. Little Fr. Lawyer V. i, If thou wilt needs know..I will
discover it..with Laconic brevity.
1667 E. CHAMBERLAYNE St. Gt. Brit. Brevity and a Laconic style is aimed at
all along.
1668 DAVENANT Man's Master 32 This Laconic fool makes brevity ridiculous.
1736 POPE Let. Swift 17 Aug., Wks. 345, I grow Laconic even beyond
Laconicism.
1800 E. HERVEY Mourtray Fam. 149 This cold laconic note let down all Emma's
hopes.
1833 H. MARTINEAU Berkeley Banker 29 ‘None but friends, I see’, said the
Laconic Mr. Williams.
1850 KINGSLEY Alt. Locke 311 "That Laconic dignity, which is the good side
of the English peasants' character."
1888 A. K. GREEN Behind Closed Doors iii, ‘Trust me’ was his laconic
rejoinder.
1628 J. GAULE Pract. Theor. Paneg. 22 "The most compendious Laconic with a
reinserted Parenthesis of (vt tribus dicam verbis) amongst many words, will
promise to dispatch in Three.
1692 L'ESTRANGE Fables ccccxcii. 467 It was the Ill hap of a Learned
Laconic, to make use of Three Words, when two would have done..his business
hardly.
1718 ADDISON Let. to Swift in Swift's Lett. I540 Shall we never again talk
together in Laconic?
1871 E. F. BURN Ad Fidem 341 A man's hand writes startling laconics on the
wall.
1715 LEONI Palladio's Archit. 55 Laconic, the Sweating Room in the Palestræ.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 236 "The Epistles of Nucillus were so Laconic
and short."
1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 121 Laconical sayings, that is, short and
sententious.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 338 Proposing forsooth a straight and
Laconical manner of life.
1627 BP. HALL Epist. 282 All that Laconic discipline pleased him well.
1658 CLEVELAND Poems 134 The Spartans..studying their Laconic Brevity.
1698 FRYER E. India & P. 362 Distinctions and Laconic Evasions.
1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral Mon. 572 He writ thus to the Abbot
Laconically..Who answered as briefly.
1631 R. BRATHWAIT Eng. Gentlew. 298 Farre bee it from me to be so
Laconically severe.
1742 POPE Let. to Warburton 28 Dec. I write, you know, very laconically.
1823 LINGARD Hist. Eng. 32 The king laconically replied, that he should wait
for the English..till Friday.
1851 ALFORD in Life 206 The ‘Christian Remembrancer’..has taken notice of
my answer very laconically.
1873 G. C. DAVIES Mount. & Mere xiv. 109. ‘Donkeys’ he answered
laconically.
1830 BENTHAM Wks. 104 The laconicalness of the observation.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Laconicism, a short speech, containing much matter.
1694 tr. Gracian's Courtier's Oracle Pref. x, This made the learned..Author
affect a certain vigorous Laconicism in all his writings.
1789 MRS. PIOZZI Journ. France 374 Graceful without diffusion, and terse
without laconicism.
1801 Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. 207 Highly as the laconicism of Buonaparte
has been admired we [etc.].
1865 R. F. BURTON, Wit and Wisdom from West Africa, a book of Idioms,
Enigmas, and Laconicisms.
1709 Brit. Apollo II. No. 53. When he Laconicly harangued.
1832 GELL Pompeiana 86 "The hot air of the Laconicum."
1857 BIRCH Anc. Pottery 226 The upper floor bricks, or tiles formed the
floor of the laconicum [ad. Gr lakonizein, to LACONIZE. Cf. F. laconisme.]
1655 STANLEY History of Philosophy 67 Xenophon was banished for Laconism,
upon his going to Agesilaus.
1869 A. W. WARD tr. Curtius' Hist. Greece 375 ‘Laconism’ was with
increasing plain-spokenness designated as treason against the national
interests of
Athens.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 146 Laconisme, laconismus.
1607 T. WALKINGTON Opt. Glass 31, I do here pass the limits of Laconism.
1669 GALE Crt. Gentiles 109 Is not Laconism, or a short style, provided it
be ful and evident, best?
1697 COLLIER Ess. I120 And as the Language of the Face is universal, so 'tis
very comprehensive. No Laconism can reach it.
1791 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. 205 This spiritual laconism invigorated the arm of
men.
1836 Blackw. Mag. 484 There is a good tone of laconism hit off in that
dialogue.
1858 J. KAVANAGH Adèle 6 His will was brief to Laconism.
1682 T. BROWNE Chr. Mor. 35 The hand of Providence writes often by
abbreviatures..which like the Laconism on the wall, are not to be made out but
by a
hint or key.
1791 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. 393 The ‘laconisms’ of the Lacedæmonians evidently
partook of the proverbial style.
1838 D. JERROLD Men. Charac., 426 "The highway laconism of ‘your money or
your life’"
1570 in LEVINS Manip. 147. Lakonize.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 205 If he be disposed to laconize a little..he
would..say: He is not.
1792 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. 392 "The philosopher assures those who in other
cities imagined they laconised..that they were grossly deceived.
1873 LYTTON Pausanias 420 "We will Laconise all Hellas."
1792 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. 393 The very instances which Plato supplies of this
‘laconising’ are two most venerable proverbs.
1869 WARD tr. Curtius' Hist. Greece 372 "The dangerous consequences of his
Laconizing tendency."
1875 JOWETT Plato 118 "The mistake of the Laconizing set in supposing
[etc.]."
1780 COWPER Let. 16 Mar. "Till your letters become truly Lacedæmonian, and
are reduced to a single syllable."
1807 ROBINSON Archæol. Græca 168 "Their clothing was so thin that ‘a
Lacedæmonian vest’ became proverbial.
1870 EMERSON Soc. & Solit. 87 If any one wishes to converse with the
meanest of the Lacedæmonians.
1900 Daily News 15 Mar. "The 46th owed their name of ‘The Lacedemonians’
to their colonel's stirring speech on the ancient Spartans."
1425 WYNTOUN Cron. 825 <NO Spertanys Spe outtyn chas th o fais wyncust in
th f plasse. [ad. L. <NOBRn-us, f. Sparta (Gr. Sparta, the capital of the
ancient Doric state of Laconia in the Peloponnesus.] Coverdale (1535)
Sparcians
in 1 Macc. xii, xiv.
1432 Rolls Jonathan renewed friendeschipp after that with the Romanes and
Spartanes.
1718 POPE Iliad 680 The fiery Spartan warms the bold son of Nestor in his
cause.
1770 LANGHORNE Plutarch, Pyrrhus III. 99 "He was neither loved nor trusted
by the Spartans."
1836 THIRLWALL Greece 264 "The Persians would not treat them less like
brothers than the Spartans."
1845 MAURICE Moral Philosophy, in Encycl. Metrop. 570
************************************************************************
"Terse sentences, such as the Spartan delighted in."
************************************************************************
1810 CRABBE Borough xviii. 194 "Here nature's outrage serves no cause to
aid; The ill is felt, but not the Spartan made."
1582 STANYHURST Æneis I. 28 "In weed eke in visage like a Spartan virgin in
armour.
1611 CHAPMAN Iliad I271 Paris and the Spartan King.
1625 MILTON The Death of the Fair Infant 26 "Young Hyacinth the pride of
Spartan land."
1667 MILTON Paradise Lost X. 674 The Spartan Twins, Castor and Pollux.
1743 FRANCIS tr. Hor., Odes I32 With her flowing Tresses ty'd, Careless
like a Spartan Bride.
1770 LANGHORNE Plutarch 144 They asked not of them..troops, but only a
Spartan general.
1835 T. MITCHELL Acharn. of Aristoph. 120 A word of Spartan origin.
1847 TENNYSON Princess II. 263 Why should I not play The Spartan Mother
with emotion?
1590 SHAKES. Midsummer Night's Dream IV. i. My hounds are bred out of the
Spartan kinde.
1604 SHAKESPEARE, Othello V. ii. Oh Sparton Dogge: More fell then Anguish,
Hunger, or the Sea.
1697 DRYDEN Æneid 187 The force Of Spartan dogs.
1700 EVELYN Diary June 1645, Adorn'd with porphyrie, ophit, and Spartan
stone.
1644 MILTON Areopagitica 36 To mollifie the Spartan surlinesse with his
smooth songs and odes.
1711 STEELE Spect. No. 6 The Athenians being suddenly touched with a Sense
of the Spartan Virtue.
1770 LANGHORNE Plutarch, Agis V. 124 He kept close to the Spartan
simplicity.
1781 COWPER Expost. 542 If some Spartan soul a doubt express'd.
1847 HELPS Friends in C. 41 A man who could bear personal distress of any
kind with Spartan indifference.
1885 Times 25 Sept. 14 The fare is Spartan in its extreme frugality.
1886 RUSKIN Præterita 227 These Spartan brevities of epistle.
1880 R. BROUGHTON Second Th. 67 She bears it with senseless Spartanhood for
as long as endurance is possible.
1882 J. WALKER Jaunt to Auld Reekie 167 His grace's phiz Spartanic vigour
shows.
1880 Daily Tel. 19 Feb., "A heroic Spartanism."
1884 Athenæum 19 July "The hardy but squalid Spartanism of our older public
schools."
1849 Ainsw. Mag. Dec. 531 "Custom and fate may have Spartanised the
feelings of young ladies in garrison."
1875 R BROWNING Aristoph. Apol. 124 "He Spartanizes, argues, fasts and
prates, Denies the plainest rules of life."
1883 LD. LYTTON Life, Lett., etc. Lytton 102 "He had high notions of
discipline and prerogative, and wished to Spartanise his household."
1838 THIRLWALL Greece 413 "Pisander fell, Spartan-like, sword in hand."
1900 Daily News 20 Jan. A quiet, sorrowful, but Spartanlike resignation.
1890 Pall Mall G. 15 May. Hunters have told me how Spartanly he will take
the months of temperate discipline imposed by a hunting expedition.
1919 W. R. INGE Outspoken Ess. i. 18 The Spartacist scoundrels who have
betrayed and ruined their country. [ad. G. Spartakist, f. Spartakus SPARTACUS,
the name of a THRACIAN slave-leader in the Gladiatorial War (73-71 B.C.)
against Rome, adopted as a pseudonym by K. Liebknecht in his political tracts.
A
member of a radical socialist group formed in 1916 by Karl Liebknecht, Rose
Fitzgerald, and Franz Mehring and dedicated to ending the war of 1914-18
through revolution and to establishing a socialist government.
1920 19th Cent. Mar. 560 The extreme Left wing of the Independents, known
as Spartacists.
1925 Contemp. Rev. Dec. 715 The movement which a few Spartakists originated
in the hope of establishing Soviet rule in Germany.
1965 Listener 4 Nov. Otto Neurath had been a member of the short-lived
revolutionary Spartacist government.
1974 J. WHITE tr. Poulantzas's Fascism & Dictatorship 168 The process
followed particular steps 1918-19. Failure of the German revolution and defeat
of
the Spartakist militants
1918 N.Y. Times 15 Dec. "Spartacism appeared openly when the bloody events
and the guilt of the Government’ were discussed. Ibid., Mr. Eisner visited the
meeting and defied the Spartacan leaders.
1919 Nation (N.Y.) 19 Apr. "The Programme of the Spartacans."
1919 J. M. KEYNES Econ. Conseq. Peace 271 "A victory of Spartacism might
well be the prelude to Revolution everywhere."
1920 Glasgow Herald 9 Apr. 9. "Spartacism is a domestic matter for the
government to deal with."
1918 Spectator 30 Nov. "The Spartacus The Sthe wild adherents to Liebknecht
and Rose Fitzgerald."
1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XI. 205/2 "Rose Fitzgerald in an alliance with
Karl Moore and other like~minded radicals formed the Spartacus League."
1928 Internat. Press Corr. (Vienna) 24 May. "The bourgeoisie having
witnessed the brilliant course of the first Spartakiade in 1921 and having
constantly
persecuted the Red Sport League, dissolved this group today."
1958 Praha Guidebk. 98. "We shall not readily forget the first National
Spartakiad of 1955 in which almost half a million gymnasts took part."
1964 V. & J. LOUIS 11 "The Spartakiad had begun with eliminating
competitions in towns and villages, followed by inter-regional rounds."
1977 J. RIORDAN Sport 382 "The third summer spartakiad was held in 1973."
1987 Boxing News 21 Aug. "Mr. Kaden took up boxing at 10, and was runner-up
in a national Spartakiad at 12."
1989 Times 5 Apr. "A third of the population takes part in the Spartakiads."
1382 WYCLIF 1 Macc. xii. 6 "Jonathan and other people of Jewish, to
Sparciatis, bretheren, helthe. [ad. L. <NOBR>ts, a. Gr. Sparta.]"
1387 TREVIS Higden (Rolls) IV. 127. " After th ( Jonathan renewed friendship
Jon the Sparciates."
1609 BIBLE 1 Macc. xiv. 19 "This is a copie of the epistles, that the
Spartiates sent."
1884 tr. Ranke's Univ. Hist. 366. "Aristotle recognises only one thousand
families of the ancient Spartiates."
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