Chris Bruce wrote: "I know of no-one who foresaw the opening of the iron curtain, the collapse of the Berlin wall and the reunification of Germany until those events were upon us. It seems that even the most optimistic of Germans thought that all lay centuries in the future." From what I understand, there is no consensus even to this day as to why the Iron Curtain fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. It is certainly possible that a similar set of events could happen in the Middle East, and the current Arab Spring may be the precursor of better things. However this perspective has the feel of waiting for a deus ex machina. If one is hoping for unforeseeable events, how does one decide what sort of public policies to advocate for? Yet, I am hopeful. With Kant, I believe and hope that human history tends towards an increase in freedom. Sincerely, Phil Enns ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html