In a message dated 2/14/2005 1:40:15 A.M. Eastern Standard Time, eyost1132@xxxxxxxxxxxxx writes: Maybe it's that individuals [Napoleon, e.g.] make war, but nations [France, Prussia, England, Russia, etc.] fight it. ---- Well, it's tricky, when the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, it was via UK's prime minister (Chamberlain). So it's was an individual (qua officer) who declared war on a COUNTRY. I forget who declared war on Germany in WW1. The performativity of declaring war on... requires individuals to do the declaring (but only in their officer-capacity) and _collective things_ as recipients (Chamberlain could not declare the war on Hitler, say). But you knew that. On the other hand, when the Duke of Windsor abdicated, it was _him_. Cheers, JL ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html