Andy Amago wrote: "If a belief is based in [X, here, faitih] and an individual has that belief, that individual is based in [X, here, faith]." Oh my. That leap from belief to individual is a curious one. Is my right hand based in faith? And what if I lose my faith? (That's for Mike.) Being generous, perhaps what is meant is that all of the beliefs held by this individual are based in faith. But I also believe that, at sea level, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Surely that belief, and its being true, is independent of my belief in God? But there is a fundamental problem here. It is accurate to call me a person of faith. However, I am this person because of the beliefs I hold as opposed to holding my beliefs because I have faith. That is, I don't know what it means to have faith except holding particular beliefs. It doesn't make sense to say that someone holds a set of beliefs because they have faith since having faith _means_ holding beliefs of a certain kind. It is a common mistake to take faith as something independent, and usually foundational, of belief-holding. Not unlike taking the will to be something independent, and usually foundational, of acting. Sincerely, Phil Enns Toronto, ON ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html