Turns out an academic has published an online curriculum about rap development, and mentions the Jamaican influence, though admittedly in the context of "American rap." From Robert Moses to rap...who knew? http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/4/93.04.04.x.html The Evolution of Rap Music in the United States by Henry A. Rhodes Best, Eric ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html