Donal McEvoy wrote: "while we can show that inductive reasoning lacks deductive validity, we cannot deduce from this that there is no such thing as valid inductive reasoning." I would love to see this sentence unpacked. "No such thing"? Oh my. Further, if Donal can discuss whether inductive reasoning exists, without blushing, I am not surprised he is unsatisfied with the responses being offered on this list. Inductively, but not deductively valid, Phil Enns Glen Haven, NS ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html