"One side of the equation is pious -- keep the faith, preserve the culture -- and the other side is violent and destructive -- destroy the outsider, homogenize the culture -- but isn't it the same feature of human thinking with regard to group identity?" The violent side of the question is more about hating whoever is different from whatever people expect. Why aren't pretty girls and boys usually abused by the other kids at school? Why is it usually the girls and boys who are *different* that are constantly attacked by their schoolmates? The hostility shows up early in life and goes on through the adult life. When humans reach adult life, the same hostility finds beautiful labels like defending the faith, fighting for freedom, etc. Luciene Borowik ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html