All: Last week a friend gave me photocopies of the relevant pages from several articles on Calotypes, Daguerreotypes, Heliography, etc., from "A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines" (A. Ure, 1860) . It's fascinating reading, but in the Daguerreotype article (p 567) the author talks about Voigtlander lenses and their apertures. "Voigtland's lenses consist of two achromatic object-glasses, the first nearest the object having an aperture of 18 lines, the second on of 19 lines; the solar focus of the two is 5 1/4 inches." and later: "Voigtland has recently made a camera with two object-glasses, as above arranged, each having an aperture of 37 lines" I inquired on a scholarly, photo history list, to which I belong, and discovered that "lines" are a botanist's measure, there being 12 lines to the inch. So the first lens has an aperture of 3.08 inches and a focal length of 5 1/4 inches... or an aperture of f 3.5! Not bad for the 1850's! I you're interested in more on odd, imperial units, check out: http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/units/length.htm. -- David Young, Logan Lake, BC CANADA. Personal Web-site at: http://www3.telus.net/~telyt Leica Reflex Forum web-page: http://www3.telus.net/~telyt/lrflex.htm ------ Unsubscribe or change to/from Digest Mode at: http://www3.telus.net/~telyt/lrflex.htm Archives are at: www.freelists.org/archives/leicareflex/