[jawsscripts] earthquake what to do
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- Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2010 08:02:39 +0800
Protect Yourself During an Earthquake...
Drop, Cover, and Hold On!
OFFICIAL RESCUE TEAMS from the U.S. and other countries who have searched for
trapped people in collapsed structures around the world, as well as emergency
managers, researchers, and school safety advocates, all agree that "Drop,
Cover, and Hold On" is the appropriate action to reduce injury and death during
earthquakes. Methods like standing in a doorway, running outside, and "triangle
of life" method are considered dangerous and are not recommended (see below).
Topics addressed below include:
. What to do wherever you are when shaking begins
. How people with a mobility limitation or a disability can protect themselves
. Why experts recommend Drop, Cover, and Hold On
. What experts do not recommend you do during an earthquake
WHAT TO DO IMMEDIATELY WHEN SHAKING BEGINS
www.dropcoverholdon.org
www.dropcoverholdon.org
Your past experience in earthquakes may give you a false sense of safety; you
didn't do anything, or you ran outside, yet you survived with no injuries. Or
perhaps you got under your desk and others thought you overreacted. However,
you likely have never experienced the kind of strong earthquake shaking that is
possible in much large earthquakes: sudden and intense back and forth motions
of several feet per second will cause the floor or the ground to jerk sideways
out from under you, and every unsecured object around you could topple, fall,
or become airborne, potentially causing serious injury. This is why you must
learn to immediately protect yourself after the first jolt... don't wait to see
if the earthquake shaking will be strong!
In MOST situations, you will reduce your chance of injury if you:
. DROP down onto your hands and knees (before the earthquakes knocks you down).
This position protects you from falling but allows you to still move if
necessary.
. COVER your head and neck (and your entire body if possible) under a sturdy
table or desk. If there is no shelter nearby, only then should you get down
near an interior wall (or next to low-lying furniture that won't fall on you),
and cover your head and neck with your arms and hands.
. HOLD ON to your shelter (or to your head and neck) until the shaking stops.
Be prepared to move with your shelter if the shaking shifts it around.
Wherever you are, protect yourself! You may be in situation where you cannot
find shelter beneath furniture (or low against a wall, with your arms covering
your head and neck). It is important to think about what you will do to protect
yourself wherever you are. What if you are driving, in a theater, in bed, at
the beach, etc.? Step 5 of the Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety describes what
to do in various situations, no matter where you are when you feel earthquake
shaking.
HOW PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES CAN PROTECT THEMSELVES
For those who cannot "drop" due to mobility limitations, or for those who have
other special situations, Advice for people with disabilities or access and
functional needs (432 KB PDF), a document from CalEMA, explains what to do when
you physically cannot "Drop, Cover, and Hold On."
WHY RESCUERS AND EXPERTS RECOMMEND DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON
Trying to moving during shaking puts you at risk: Earthquakes occur without any
warning and may be so violent that you cannot run or crawl; you therefore will
most likely be knocked to the ground where you happen to be. So it is best to
drop before the earthquake drops you, and find nearby shelter or use your arms
and hands to protect your head and neck. "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" gives you
the best overall chance of quickly protecting yourself during an earthquake...
even during quakes that cause furniture to move about rooms, and even in
buildings that might ultimately collapse.
The greatest danger is from falling and flying objects: Studies of injuries and
deaths caused by earthquakes over the last several decades show that you are
much more likely to be injured by falling or flying objects (TVs, lamps, glass,
bookcases, etc.) than to die in a collapsed building. "Drop, Cover, and Hold
On" (as described above) will protect you from most of these injuries.
If there is no furniture nearby, you can still reduce the chance of injury from
falling objects by getting down next to an interior wall and covering your head
and neck with your arms (exterior walls are more likely to collapse and have
windows that may break). If you are in bed, the best thing to do is to stay
there and cover your head with a pillow. Studies of injuries in earthquakes
show that people who moved from their beds would not have been injured if they
had remained in bed.
You can also reduce your change of injury or damage to your belongings by
securing them in the first place. Secure top heavy furniture to walls with
flexible straps. Use earthquake putty or velcro fasteners for objects on
tables, shelves, or other furniture. Install safety latches on cabinets to keep
them closed. Instructions for how to "secure your space" are at
www.daretoprepare.org.
Building collapse is less of a danger: While images of collapsed structures in
earthquakes around the world are frightening and get the most attention from
the media, most buildings do not collapse at all, and few completely collapse.
In earthquake prone areas of the U.S. and in many other countries, strict
building codes have worked to greatly reduce the potential of structure
collapse. However, there is the possibility of structural failure in certain
building types, especially unreinforced masonry (brick buildings), and in
certain structures constructed before the latest building codes. Rescue
professionals are trained to understand how these structures collapse in order
to identify potential locations of survivors within "survivable void spaces."
The main goal of "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" is to protect you from falling and
flying debris and other nonstructural hazards, and to increase the chance of
your ending up in a Survivable Void Space if the building actually collapses.
The space under a sturdy table or desk is likely to remain even if the building
collapses- pictures from around the world show tables and desks standing with
rubble all around them, and even holding up floors that have collapsed.
Experienced rescuers agree that successfully predicting other safe locations in
advance is nearly impossible, as where these voids will be depends on the
direction of the shaking and many other factors. (See "triangle of life" below.)
The ONLY exception to the "Drop, Cover and Hold On" rule is if you are in a
country with unengineered construction, and if you are on the ground floor of
an unreinforced mud-brick (adobe) building, with a heavy ceiling. In that case,
you should try to move quickly outside to an open space. This cannot be
recommended as a substitute for building earthquake-resistant structures in the
first place!
WHAT RESCUERS AND EXPERTS *DO NOT* RECOMMEND YOU DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
Based on years of research about how people are injured or killed during
earthquakes, and the experiences of U.S. and international search and rescue
teams, these three actions are not recommended to protect yourself during
earthquakes:
DO NOT run outside or to other rooms during shaking: The area near the exterior
walls of a building is the most dangerous place to be. Windows, facades and
architectural details are often the first parts of the building to collapse. To
stay away from this danger zone, stay inside if you are inside and outside if
you are outside. Also, shaking can be so strong that you will not be able to
move far without falling down, and objects may fall or be thrown at you that
you do not expect. Injuries can be avoided if you drop to the ground before the
earthquake drops you.
DO NOT stand in a doorway: An enduring earthquake image of California is a
collapsed adobe home with the door frame as the only standing part. From this
came our belief that a doorway is the safest place to be during an earthquake.
True- if you live in an old, unreinforced adobe house or some older woodframe
houses. In modern houses, doorways are no stronger than any other part of the
house, and the doorway does not protect you from the most likely source of
injury- falling or flying objects. You also may not be able to brace yourself
in the door during strong shaking. You are safer under a table.
Please help! If you have received an email about the "triangle of life" please
respond to its sender by directing them to this page:
www.earthquakecountry.info/dropcoverholdon/
Ask them to send this link to everyone they sent the "triangle" email, and to
the person who sent it to them. Thank you!
DO NOT get in the "triangle of life": In recent years, an e-mail has been
circulating which describes an alternative to the long-established "Drop,
Cover, and Hold On" advice. The so-called "triangle of life" and some of the
other actions recommended in the e-mail are potentially life threatening, and
the credibility of the source of these recommendations has been broadly
questioned (see links at left).
The "triangle of life" advice (always get next to a table rather than
underneath it) is based on several wrong assumptions:
. buildings always collapse in earthquakes (wrong- especially in developed
nations, and flat "pancake" collapse is rare anywhere);
. when buildings collapse they always crush all furniture inside (wrong- people
DO survive under furniture or other shelters);
. people can always anticipate how their building might collapse and anticipate
the location of survivable void spaces (wrong- the direction of shaking and
unique structural aspects of the building make this nearly impossible) ; and
. during strong shaking people can move to a desired location (wrong- strong
shaking can make moving very difficult and dangerous).
Some other recommendations in the "triangle of life" e-mail are also based on
wrong assumptions and very hazardous. For example, the recommendation to get
out of your car during an earthquake and lay down next to it assumes that there
is always an elevated freeway above you that will fall and crush your car. Of
course there are very few elevated freeways, and laying next to your car is
very dangerous because the car can move and crush you, and other drivers may
not see you on the ground! A compilation of rebuttals from many organizations
to these alternative recommendations, as well as news articles about the
controversy, is listed at left.
PRACTICE THE RIGHT THING TO DO. IT COULD SAVE YOUR LIFE
You will be more likely to react quickly when shaking begins if you have
actually practiced how to protect yourself on a regular basis. A great time to
practice Drop, Cover, and Hold On is by participating in the Great California
ShakeOut this October (and soon in other areas).
More information about what to do during an earthquake can be found at
www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/step5.html.
Created in the SCEC system
Last modified: March 08 2010 18:39
© 2010 www.scec.org Southern California Earthquake Center @ www.usc.edu
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