[guide.chat] time of evolution
- From: "Vanessa" <qwerty1234567a@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- To: "GuideChat" <guide.chat@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2011 07:49:20 +0100
Axis scale: millions of years ago.
Dates prior to 1 billion years ago are speculative.
The basic timeline is a 4.5 billion year old Earth. , with (very approximate)
dates:
3.8 billion. years of simple cells. (prokaryotes),
3 billion years of photosynthesis. ,
2 billion years of complex cells. (eukaryotes),
1 billion years of multicellular life. ,
600 million years of simple animals. ,
570 million years of arthropods. (ancestors of insects, arachnids and
crustaceans),
550 million years of complex animals,
500 million years of fish. and proto-amphibians,
475 million years of land plants. ,
400 million years of insects. and seeds. ,
360 million years of amphibians. ,
300 million years of reptiles. ,
200 million years of mammals. ,
150 million years of birds. ,
130 million years of flowers. ,
65 million years since the non-avian dinosaurs. died out. ,
2.5 million years since the appearance of the genus Homo. ,
200,000 years since humans. started looking like they do today,
25,000 years since Neanderthals. died out. [ edit. ] Detailed timeline. Ma.
, ("megaannum") means "million years ago". ka means "thousand years ago" and ya
means "years ago" [ edit. ] Hadean. Eon.
3800 Ma and earlier.
DateEvent
4600 Ma The planet Earth. forms from the accretion disc. revolving around
the young Sun. .
4500 Ma According to the giant impact hypothesis. the moon is formed when the
planet Earth and the planet Theia. collide, sending a very large number of
moonlets into orbit around the young Earth which eventually coalesce to form
the Moon. . [1]. The gravitational pull of the new Moon stabilises the
Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation. and sets up the conditions in which
life formed. [2].
4100 Ma The surface of the Earth cools enough for the crust. to solidify. The
atmosphere. and the oceans. form. [3]. PAH infall. , [4]. and iron
sulfide. synthesis along deep ocean platelet boundaries, may have led to the
RNA world. of competing organic compounds.
Between 4500 and 3500 Ma The earliest life. appears, possibly derived from
self-reproducing. RNA. molecules. [5]. [6]. The replication of these
organisms requires resources like energy, space, and smaller building blocks,
which soon become limited, resulting in competition, with natural selection.
favouring those molecules which are more efficient at replication. DNA.
molecules then take over as the main replicators and these archaic genomes.
soon develop inside enclosing membranes which provide a stable physical and
chemical environment conducive to their replication: proto-cells. . [7]. [8].
[9].
3900 Ma Late Heavy Bombardment. : peak rate of impact events. upon the inner
planets by meteoroids. This constant disturbance. may have obliterated any
life that had evolved to that point, or possibly not, as some early microbes.
could have survived in hydrothermal vents. below the Earth's surface; [10].
or life might have been transported to Earth. by a meteoroid. [11].
Somewhere between 3900 and 2500 Ma Cells. resembling prokaryotes. appear.
[12]. These first organisms are chemoautotrophs. : they use carbon dioxide.
as a carbon. source and oxidize. inorganic materials to extract energy.
Later, prokaryotes evolve glycolysis. , a set of chemical reactions that free
the energy of organic molecules such as glucose. and store it in the chemical
bonds of ATP. . Glycolysis (and ATP) continue to be used in almost all
organisms, unchanged, to this day. [13]. [14]. [ edit. ] Archean. Eon.
3800 Ma - 2500 Ma
DateEvent
3500 Ma Lifetime of the last universal ancestor. ; [15]. [16]. the split
between bacteria. and archaea. occurs. [17].
Bacteria develop primitive forms of photosynthesis. which at first do not
produce oxygen. . [18]. These organisms generate ATP. by exploiting a
proton gradient. , a mechanism still used in virtually all organisms.
3000 Ma Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria. evolve; they use water as a
reducing agent. , thereby producing oxygen as waste product. [19]. More recent
research[ citation needed. ], however, suggests a later time of 2700 Ma. The
oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore. .
The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rises, acting as a poison.
for many bacteria. The Moon. is still very close to Earth and causes tides.
1,000 feet (305 m) high. The Earth is continually wracked by hurricane. -force
winds. These extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary
processes. (See Oxygen catastrophe. )
2700 Ma Timeframe of cyanobacteria evolution suggested by more recent research.
[ edit. ] Proterozoic. Eon.
2500 Ma - 542 Ma
DateEvent
2400 Ma Earliest cyanobacteria.
2000 Ma First acritarchs.
By 1850 Ma Eukaryotic. cells appear [20]. [21].
1500 Ma First structurally complex eukaryotes
1400 Ma Great increase in stromatolite. diversity Eukaryotes contain
membrane-bound organelles. with diverse functions, probably derived from
prokaryotes. engulfing each other via phagocytosis. . (See Endosymbiosis. )
By 1200 Ma Sexual reproduction. first appears, increasing the rate of
evolution. [22].
1200 Ma Simple multicellular organisms. evolve. , mostly consisting of cell
colonies of limited complexity. First multicellular red algae. evolve
1100 Ma Earliest dinoflagellates.
1000 Ma First vaucherian algae. (ex: Palaeovaucheria. )
750 Ma First protozoa. (ex: Melanocyrillium. )
850-630 Ma A global glaciation. may have occurred. [23]. [24]. Opinion is
divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of
evolution. [25]. [26]. [27].
580-542 Ma The Ediacaran biota. represent the first large, complex
multicellular organisms - although their affinities remain a subject of debate.
[28].
580-500 Ma Most modern phyla. of animals begin to appear in the fossil record
during the Cambrian explosion. . [29]. [30].
580-540 Ma The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an
ozone layer. . [31]. This blocks ultraviolet. radiation, permitting the
colonisation of the land. [31].
560 Ma Earliest fungi.
550 Ma First fossil evidence for ctenophora. (comb-jellies), porifera.
(sponges), and anthozoa. ( corals. & anemones. ) [ edit. ] Phanerozoic Eon.
542 Ma - present
The Phanerozoic. Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life", marks
the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or
trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions. .[ edit. ]
Paleozoic. Era.
542 Ma - 251.0 Ma
DateEvent
535 Ma Major diversification of living things in the oceans: chordates. ,
arthropods. (e.g. trilobites. , crustaceans. ), echinoderms. , mollusks. ,
brachiopods. , foraminifers. and radiolarians. , etc.
530 Ma The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma, indicating that early
animal explorations may have predated the development of terrestrial plants.
[32].
525 Ma Earliest graptolites. .
510 Ma First cephalopods. ( Nautiloids. ) and chitons. .
505 Ma Fossilization of the Burgess Shale. .
485 Ma First vertebrates with true bones ( jawless fishes. ).
450 Ma Land arthropod burrows ( millipedes. ) appear, along with the first
complete conodonts. and echinoids. .
440 Ma First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci. , Galeaspida. , and
Pituriaspida. .
434 Ma The first primitive plants. move onto land, [33]. having evolved from
green algae living along the edges of lakes. [34]. They are accompanied by
fungi. [ citation needed. ], which may have aided the colonization of land
through symbiosis. .
420 Ma Earliest ray-finned fishes. , trigonotarbid arachnids. , and land
scorpions. .
410 Ma First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest nautiid nautiloids. ,
lycophytes. , and trimerophytes. .
395 Ma First lichens. , stoneworts. . Earliest harvestman. , mites. ,
hexapods. ( springtails. ) and ammonoids. . The first known tetrapod.
tracks on land.
363 Ma By the start of the Carboniferous. Period, the Earth begins to be
recognisable. Insects. roamed the land and would soon take to the skies;
sharks. swam the oceans as top predators, [35]. and vegetation covered the
land, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish.
Four-limbed tetrapods. gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy
a terrestrial life-habit.
360 Ma First crabs. and ferns. . Land flora dominated by seed ferns.
350 Ma First large sharks, ratfishes. , and hagfish. .
340 Ma Diversification of amphibians.
330 Ma First amniote. vertebrates ( Paleothyris. ).
320 Ma Synapsids. separate from sauropsids. (reptiles) in late
Carboniferous. [36].
305 Ma Earliest diapsid. reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus. ).
280 Ma Earliest beetles. , seed plants and conifers diversify while
lepidodendrids. and sphenopsids. decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl
amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. Dimetrodon. ) diversify in species.
275 Ma Therapsids. separate from synapsids. .
251.4 Ma The Permian-Triassic extinction event. eliminates over 90-95% of
marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the
marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing
diversification, but life on land took 30M years to completely recover. [37].
[ edit. ] Mesozoic. Era.
DateEvent
From 251.4 Ma The Mesozoic Marine Revolution. begins: increasingly
well-adapted and diverse predators pressurise sessile marine groups; the
"balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey
adapt more rapidly and effectively than others.
245 Ma Earliest ichthyosaurs. .
240 Ma Increase in diversity of gomphodont cynodonts. and rhynchosaurs. .
225 Ma Earliest dinosaurs. ( prosauropods. ), first cardiid. bivalves,
diversity in cycads, bennettitaleans, and conifers. First teleost. fishes.
220 Ma
Eoraptor, among the earliest dinosaurs, appeared in the fossil record 230
million years ago.
Gymnosperm. forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes in order
to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.[
citation needed. ], first flies. and turtles. ( Odontochelys. ). First
Coelophysoid. dinosaurs
215 Ma First mammals. (e.g. Eozostrodon. ), minor vertebrate extinctions
occur
200 Ma The first accepted evidence for viruses. (at least, the group
Geminiviridae. ) exists. [38]. Viruses are still poorly understood and may
have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon.
Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest
examples of Ankylosaurian. dinosaurs
195 Ma First pterosaurs with specialized feeding ( Dorygnathus. ). First
sauropod dinosaurs. . Diversification in small, ornithischian dinosaurs. :
heterodontosaurids. , fabrosaurids. , and scelidosaurids. .
190 Ma Pliosaurs. appear in the fossil record. First lepidopteran insects.
( Archaeolepis. ), hermit crabs. , modern starfish. , irregular echinoids. ,
corbulid bivalves. , and tubulipore bryozoans. . Extensive development of
sponge reefs. .
176 Ma First members of the Stegosauria. group of dinosaurs
170 Ma Earliest salamanders. , newts. , cryptoclidid. & elasmosaurid.
plesiosaurs, and cladotherian mammals. . Cynodonts. become extinct while
sauropod dinosaurs. diversify.
165 Ma First rays. and glycymeridid bivalves. .
161 Ma Ceratopsian. dinosaurs appear in the fossil record ( Yinlong. )
155 Ma First blood-sucking insects ( ceratopogonids. ), rudist bivalves. , and
cheilosome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx. , a possible ancestor to the birds,
appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid. and symmetrodont.
mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian. and theropod. dinosaurs.
130 Ma The rise of the Angiosperms. : These flowering. plants boast
structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen. . This
innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through co-evolution. .
First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. .
120 Ma Oldest fossils of heterokonts. , including both marine diatoms. and
silicoflagellates. .
115 Ma First monotreme. mammals.
110 Ma First hesperornithes. , toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid. ,
verticordiid. , and thyasirid. bivalves.
106 Ma Spinosaurus. , the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil
record.
100 Ma Earliest bees. .
90 Ma Extinction of ichthyosaurs. . Earliest snakes. and nuculanid.
bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids. , rosids. ,
hamamelidids. , monocots. , and ginger. . Earliest examples of ticks. .
80 Ma First ants. .
70 Ma Multituberculate. mammals increase in diversity. First yoldiid
bivalves. .
68 Ma Tyrannosaurus. , the largest terrestrial predator of North America
appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops. . [ edit. ]
Cenozoic. Era.
65.5 Ma - present
DateEvent
65.5 Ma The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. eradicates about half of
all animal species, including mosasaurs. , pterosaurs. , plesiosaurs. ,
ammonites. , belemnites. , rudist and inoceramid bivalves, most planktic
foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding their descendants the birds.
[39].
From 65 Ma Rapid dominance of conifers. and ginkgos. in high latitudes,
along with mammals. becoming the dominant species. First psammobiid
bivalves. . Rapid diversification in ants. .
63 Ma Evolution of the creodonts. , an important group of carnivorous mammals.
60 Ma Diversification of large, flightless birds. . Earliest true primates. ,
along with the first semelid bivalves. , edentates. , carnivorous. and
lipotyphlan. mammals, and owls. . The ancestors of the carnivorous mammals (
miacids. ) were alive.
56 Ma Gastornis. , a large, flightless bird appears in the fossil record,
becoming an apex predator. at the time.
55 Ma Modern bird groups diversify (first song birds. , parrots. , loons. ,
swifts. , woodpeckers. ), first whale ( Himalayacetus. ), earliest rodents. ,
lagomorphs. , armadillos. , appearance of sirenians. , proboscideans. ,
perissodactyl. and artiodactyl. mammals in the fossil record. Angiosperms
diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in Carcharodon. ,
the early mako shark. Isurus hastalis, is alive.
52 Ma First bats. appear ( Onychonycteris. ).
50 Ma Peak diversity of dinoflagellates and nanofossils, increase in diversity
of anomalodesmatan. and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres. , tapirs. ,
rhinoceroses. , and camels. appear in the fossil record, diversification of
primates.
40 Ma Modern type butterflies. and moths. appear. Extinction of Gastornis.
. Basilosaurus. , one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil
record.
37 Ma First Nimravid. carnivores ("False Saber-toothed Cats") - these species
are unrelated to modern-type felines
35 Ma Grasses. evolve from among the angiosperms. ; grasslands begin to
expand. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant ostracods. and
foraminifers, along with major extinctions of gastropods. , reptiles. , and
amphibians. . Many modern mammal groups begin to appear: first glyptodonts. ,
ground sloths. , dogs. , peccaries. , and the first eagles. and hawks. .
Diversity in toothed. and baleen. whales.
33 Ma Evolution of the thylacinid marsupials. ( Badjcinus. ).
30 Ma First balanids. and eucalypts. , extinction of embrithopod and
brontothere mammals, earliest pigs. and cats. .
28 Ma Paraceratherium. appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial
mammal that ever lived.
25 Ma First deer. .
20 Ma First giraffes. and giant anteaters. , increase in bird diversity.
15 Ma Mammut. appears in the fossil record, first bovids. and kangaroos. ,
diversity in Australian megafauna. .
10 Ma Grasslands and savannas are established, diversity in insects, especially
ants. and termites. , horses. increase in body size and develop
high-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes.
6.5 Ma First hominin ( Sahelanthropus. ).
6 Ma Australopithecines diversify ( Orrorin. , Ardipithecus. )
5 Ma First tree sloths. and hippopotami. , diversification of grazing
herbivores, large carnivorous mammals, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and
small carnivores, vultures. increase in size, decrease in the number of
perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of Nimravid. carnivores
4.8 Ma Mammoths. appear in the fossil record.
4 Ma Evolution of Australopithecus. , Stupendemys. appears in the fossil
record as the largest freshwater turtle.
3 Ma The Great American Interchange. , where various land and freshwater
faunas migrated between North and South America. Armadillos. , opossums. ,
hummingbirds. , and vampire bats. traveled to North America while horses,
tapirs. , saber-toothed cats. , and deer entered South America. The first
short-faced bears ( Arctodus. ) appear.
2.7 Ma Evolution of Paranthropus.
2.5 Ma The earliest species of Smilodon. evolve
2 Ma First members of the genus Homo. appear in the fossil record.
Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle,
Bos primigenius. evolves in India
1.7 Ma Extinction of australopithecines. .
1.2 Ma Evolution of Homo antecessor. . The last members of Paranthropus. die
out.
600 ka Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis.
350 ka Evolution of Neanderthals.
300 ka Gigantopithecus. , a giant relative of the orangutan. dies out from
Asia
200 ka Anatomically modern humans. appear in Africa. [40]. [41]. [42].
Around 50,000 years before present they start colonising the other continents,
replacing the Neanderthals. in Europe and other hominins. in Asia.
40 ka The last of the giant monitor lizards ( Megalania. ) die out
30 ka Extinction of Neanderthals.
15 ka The last Woolly rhinoceros. (Coelodonta) are believed to have gone
extinct
11 ka The giant short-faced bears ( Arctodus. ) vanish from North America, with
the last Giant Ground Sloths. dying out. All Equidae. become extinct in
North America
10 ka The Holocene. Epoch starts 10,000 [43]. years ago after the Late
Glacial Maximum. . The last mainland species of Woolly mammoth. (Mammuthus
primigenius) die out, as does the last Smilodon. species
6 ka Small populations of American Mastodon. die off in places like Utah.
and Michigan.
4500 ya The last members of a dwarf race of Woolly Mammoths vanish from
Wrangel Island. near Alaska.
384 ya (1627) The last recorded wild Aurochs. die out
75 ya (1936) The Thylacine. goes extinct in a Tasmanian zoo, the last member
of the family Thylacinidae
Vanessa the Google Girl
My Skype name is rainbowstar123
Other related posts:
- » [guide.chat] time of evolution - Vanessa
