[guide.chat] 4 haarp
- From: "Vanessa" <qwerty1234567a@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- To: "GuideChat" <guide.chat@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2011 09:44:40 +0100
The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is an ionospheric.
research program jointly funded by the US Air Force. , the US Navy. , the
University of Alaska. and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
(DARPA). [1].
Built by BAE Advanced Technologies (BAEAT). , its purpose is to analyze the
ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement
technology for radio communications and surveillance purposes. [2]. The HAARP
program operates a major Arctic facility, known as the HAARP Research Station,
on an Air Force owned site near Gakona, Alaska. .
The most prominent instrument at the HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research
Instrument (IRI), a high power radio frequency. transmitter. facility
operating in the high frequency. (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily
excite a limited area of the ionosphere. Other instruments, such as a VHF.
and a UHF. radar. , a fluxgate. magnetometer. , a digisonde. and an
induction magnetometer, are used to study the physical processes that occur in
the excited region.
Work on the HAARP Station began in 1993. The current working IRI was completed
in 2007, and its prime contractor was BAE Systems Advanced Technologies. .
[1].
As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around $250 million in tax-funded construction
and operating costs. HAARP has also been blamed by conspiracy theorists. for
a range of events, including numerous natural disasters. .
Contents. [ hide. ]
1 Objectives.
2 Research.
3 Instrumentation and operation.
4 Site.
5 Related facilities.
6 Conspiracy theories.
7 In popular culture.
8 See also.
9 References.
10 Further reading.
11 External links. Objectives.
HAARP antenna array
The HAARP project directs a 3.6 MW. signal, in the 2.8-10 MHz. region of
the HF [High Frequency] band, into the ionosphere. The signal may be pulsed or
continuous. Then, effects of the transmission and any recovery period can be
examined using associated instrumentation, including VHF and UHF radars, HF
receivers, and optical cameras. According to the HAARP team, this will advance
the study of basic natural processes that occur in the ionosphere under the
natural but much stronger influence of solar interaction, as well as how the
natural ionosphere affects radio signals.
This will enable scientists to develop techniques to mitigate these effects in
order to improve the reliability and/or performance of communication and
navigation systems, which would have a wide range of applications in both the
civilian and military sectors, such as an increased accuracy of GPS navigation,
and advancements in underwater and underground research and applications. This
may lead to improved methods for submarine communication and the ability to
remotely sense the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, among other
things. One application would be to map out the underground complexes of
countries. The current facility lacks the range to reach these countries, but
the research could be used to develop a mobile platform. [3].
The HAARP program began in 1990. The project is funded by the Office of Naval
Research. and jointly managed by the ONR and Air Force Research Laboratory. ,
with the principal involvement of the University of Alaska. Many other
universities and educational institutions have been involved in the development
of the project and its instruments, namely the University of Alaska
(Fairbanks), Stanford University. , Penn State University. (ARL), Boston
College. , UCLA. , Clemson University. , Dartmouth College. , Cornell
University. , Johns Hopkins University. , University of Maryland, College
Park. , University of Massachusetts. , MIT. , Polytechnic Institute of New
York University. , and the University of Tulsa. . The project's specifications
were developed by the universities, which are continuing to play a major role
in the design of future research efforts.
According to HAARP's management, the project strives for openness and all
activities are logged and publicly available. Scientists without security
clearances, even foreign nationals, are routinely allowed on site. The HAARP
facility regularly (once a year on most years according to the HAARP home page)
hosts open houses, during which time any civilian may tour the entire facility.
In addition, scientific results obtained with HAARP are routinely published in
major research journals (such as Geophysical Research Letters. , or Journal
of Geophysical Research. ), written both by university scientists (American and
foreign) or by US Department of Defense. research lab scientists. Each
summer, the HAARP holds a summer-school for visiting students, including
foreign nationals, giving them an opportunity to do research with one of the
world's foremost research instruments.Research.
HAARP's main goal is basic science research of the uppermost portion of the
atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. Essentially a transition between the
atmosphere and the magnetosphere. , the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is
thin enough that the sun's x-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough
that there are still enough molecules present to absorb those rays.
Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free
electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling
off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1000 km. Various aspects of
HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere.
The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, showing minute-to-minute
changes, daily changes, seasonal changes, and year-to-year changes. This
profile becomes particularly complicated near the Earth's magnetic poles, where
the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field can
cause physical effects like aurorae. .
The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot
reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because
the air is still too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only
small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by
following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT. near
Tromsø. , Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by
perturbing it with radio waves in the 2-10 MHz range, and studying how the
ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power, and a
more flexible and agile HF beam.
Some of the main scientific findings from HAARP include:
Generation of very low frequency. radio waves by modulated heating of the
auroral electrojet. , useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires
gigantic antennas
Production of weak luminous glow (below what can be seen with the naked eye,
but measurable) from absorption of HAARP's signal
Production of extremely low frequency. waves in the 0.1 Hz range. These are
next to impossible to produce any other way, because the length of a transmit
antenna is dictated by the wavelength of the signal it is designed to produce.
Generation of whistler-mode. VLF signals which enter the magnetosphere. ,
and propagate to the other hemisphere, interacting with Van Allen radiation
belt. particles along the way
VLF remote sensing of the heated ionosphere
Research. at the HAARP includes:
Ionospheric. super heating
Plasma. line observations
Stimulated electron emission. observations
Gyro frequency. heating research
Spread F observations
High velocity trace runs
Airglow. observations
Heating induced scintillation. observations
VLF. and ELF. generation observations [4].
Radio. observations of meteors.
Polar mesospheric. summer echoes: PMSE. have been studied using the IRI as
a powerful radar. , as well as with the 28 MHz radar, and the two VHF radars
at 49 MHz and 139 MHz. The presence of multiple radars spanning both HF. and
VHF. bands allows scientists to make comparative measurements that may someday
lead to an understanding of the processes that form these elusive phenomena.
Research on extraterrestrial. HF radar echos: the Lunar Echo experiment
(2008). [5]. [6].
Testing of Spread Spectrum. Transmitters (2009)
Meteor shower impacts on the ionosphere
Response and recovery of the ionosphere from solar flares and geomagnetic
storms
The effect of ionospheric disturbances on GPS satellite signal quality
Instrumentation and operation.
The main instrument at HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument
(IRI). This is a high power, high-frequency phased array. radio transmitter.
with a set of 180 antennas. , disposed in an array of 12x15 units that occupy
a rectangle of about 33 acres (13 hectares). The IRI is used to temporarily
energize a small portion of the ionosphere. . The study of these disturbed
volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric
processes.
During active ionospheric research, the signal generated by the transmitter
system is delivered to the antenna array. and transmitted in an upward
direction. At an altitude between 70 km (43 mi) to 350 km (217 mi) (depending
on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume
several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The
intensity of the HF. signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 µW/cm², tens of
thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation
reaching the earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random
variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet. (UV) energy which
creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced, however, can be
observed with the sensitive scientific instruments installed at the HAARP
Station, and these observations can provide information about the dynamics of
plasmas. and insight into the processes of solar-terrestrial interactions.
[7].
Each antenna element consists of a crossed dipole. that can be polarized for
linear, ordinary mode. (O-mode), or extraordinary mode. (X-mode)
transmission and reception. [8]. [9]. Each part of the two section crossed
dipoles are individually fed from a custom built transmitter, that has been
specially designed with very low distortion. The Effective Radiated Power.
(ERP) of the IRI is limited by more than a factor of 10 at its lower operating
frequencies. Much of this is due to higher antenna losses and a less efficient
antenna pattern.
The IRI can transmit between 2.7 and 10 MHz, a frequency range that lies above
the AM radio broadcast band and well below Citizens' Band frequency
allocations. The HAARP Station is licensed to transmit only in certain segments
of this frequency range, however. When the IRI is transmitting, the bandwidth
of the transmitted signal is 100 kHz or less. The IRI can transmit in
continuous waves (CW) or in pulses as short as 10 microseconds (µs). CW
transmission is generally used for ionospheric modification, while transmission
in short pulses frequently repeated is used as a radar system. Researchers can
run experiments that use both modes of transmission, first modifying the
ionosphere for a predetermined amount of time, then measuring the decay of
modification effects with pulsed transmissions.
There are other geophysical instruments for research at the Station. Some of
them are:
A fluxgate. magnetometer. built by the University of Alaska Fairbanks
Geophysical Institute. , available to chart variations in the Earth's magnetic
field. Rapid and sharp changes of it may indicate a geomagnetic storm. .
A digisonde. that provides ionospheric profiles, allowing scientists to
choose appropriate frequencies for IRI operation. The HAARP makes current and
historic digisonde information available online.
An induction magnetometer, provided by the University of Tokyo. , that
measures the changing geomagnetic field in the Ultra Low Frequency. (ULF)
range of 0-5 Hz. Site.
The project site ( 62°23'30?N 145°09'03?W? / ?62.39167°N 145.15083°W? /
62.39167; -145.15083. ) is north of Gakona. , Alaska. just west of
Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park. . An environmental impact statement. led
to permission for an array of up to 180 antennas. to be erected. [10]. The
HAARP has been constructed at the previous site of an over-the-horizon radar.
(OTH) installation. A large structure, built to house the OTH now houses the
HAARP control room, kitchen, and offices. Several other small structures house
various instruments.
The HAARP site has been constructed in three distinct phases: [11].
The Developmental Prototype (DP) had 18 antenna elements, organized in three
columns by six rows. It was fed with a total of 360 kilowatts (kW) combined
transmitter output power. The DP transmitted just enough power for the most
basic of ionospheric testing.
The Filled Developmental Prototype (FDP) had 48 antenna units arrayed in six
columns by eight rows, with 960 kW of transmitter power. It was fairly
comparable to other ionospheric heating facilities. . This was used for a
number of successful scientific experiments and ionospheric exploration
campaigns over the years.
The Final IRI (FIRI) is the final build of the IRI. It has 180 antenna units,
organized in 15 columns by 12 rows, yielding a theoretical maximum gain of 31
dB. . A total of 3.6 MW of transmitter power will feed it, but the power is
focused in the upward direction by the geometry of the large phased array. of
antennas which allow the antennas to work together in controlling the
direction. As of March 2007 [update]. , all the antennas were in place, the
final phase was completed and the antenna array. was undergoing testing aimed
at fine-tuning its performance to comply with safety requirements required by
regulatory agencies. The facility officially began full operations in its final
3.6 MW transmitter power completed status in the summer of 2007, yielding an
effective radiated power (ERP) of 5.1 Gigawatts. or 97.1 dBW. at maximum
output. However, the site typically operates at a fraction of that value due to
the lower antenna gain. exhibited at standard operational frequencies. [12].
Related facilities.
In America, there are two related ionospheric heating. facilities: the
HIPAS. , near Fairbanks, Alaska. , which was dismantled in 2009, and
(currently offline for reconstruction) one at the Arecibo Observatory. Link
text. in Puerto Rico. . The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific
Association. (EISCAT) operates an ionospheric heating facility, capable of
transmitting over 1 GW effective radiated power. (ERP), near Tromsø. ,
Norway. . [13]. Russia. has the Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility. , in
Vasilsursk. near Nizhniy Novgorod. , capable of transmitting 190 MW
ERP.Conspiracy theories.
See also: List of conspiracy theories: Development of weapons technology.
HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories. , with individuals
ascribing various hidden motives and capabilities to the project. Journalist
Sharon Weinberger. called HAARP "the Moby Dick. of conspiracy theories" and
said the popularity of conspiracy theories often overshadows the benefits HAARP
may provide to the scientific community. [14]. [15].
The alleged dangers of HAARP were dramatized in popular culture by Marvel
Comics. , author Tom Clancy. , and The X-Files. . A Russian military journal
wrote that ionospheric testing would "trigger a cascade of electrons that could
flip Earth's magnetic poles." The European Parliament. and the Alaska.
state legislature held hearings about HAARP, the former citing "environmental
concerns." Author of the self-published Angels Don't Play This HAARP, Nick
Begich has told lecture audiences that HAARP could trigger earthquakes and turn
the upper atmosphere into a giant lens so that "the sky would literally appear
to burn." [16]. [17].
A 2009 episode of The History Channel. series That's Impossible. speculated
that ionospheric heating from HAARP could theoretically cause localised
atmospheric upcurrents that disrupt or "bend" the jet stream and influence
regional weather patterns, prompting conspiracy theorists to connect changed
weather patterns in the Atlantic Ocean during the 1980s as well as subsequent
El Nino. events with HAARP. [18].
Conspiracy theorists have linked HAARP to numerous earthquakes. An opinion
piece on a Venezuelan. state-run television channel's website named HAARP as
a cause of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. . [19]. [20]. [21].
Skeptic computer scientist David Naiditch called HAARP "a magnet for conspiracy
theorists", saying the project has been blamed for triggering catastrophes such
as floods. , droughts. , hurricanes. , thunderstorms. , and devastating
earthquakes. in Pakistan. and the Philippines. aimed to shake up
"terrorists." Naiditch says HAARP has been blamed for diverse events including
major power outages. , the downing of TWA Flight 800. , Gulf War syndrome. ,
and chronic fatigue syndrome. . Conspiracy theorists have also suggested links
between HAARP and the work of Nikola Tesla. (particularly potential
combinations of HAARP energy with Tesla's work on pneumatic small-scale
earthquake generation. ) and physicist Bernard Eastlund. . According to
Naiditch, HAARP is an attractive target for conspiracy theorists because "its
purpose seems deeply mysterious to the scientifically uninformed". [22]. In
popular culture.
A fictionalized HAARP was the setting for a stage in the X-Men Legends. game.
[23]. HAARP was also featured in the animated series G.I. Joe: Resolute. and
in the first episode of Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura. . Another
fictionalized HAARP-like system called DESTINI was featured in the 2003 sci-fi
film The Core.
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