Jack wrote: "> "[re: messages in DNA] This is just a little patronising. You seem to lack an understanding of information theory. " I've got a reasonably competent understanding of information theory, thank you. I studied Shannon's theory as part of my degree and I work with software for a living. "As a taster, here are Gitt's defining empirical principles." I'd like to know what evidence he offers to support each of these. Shannon backed up his Information Theory with mathematical rigour. " (1) No information can exist without a code. " (2) No code can exist without a free and deliberate convention. (3) No information can exist without the five hierarchical levels: statistics, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and apobetics. " " (4) No information can exist in purely statistical processes. " Point 4 is a direct contradiction of Shannon's Information theory. Shannon purposely modelled information sources as providing random sequences of symbols, and analyzed them mathematically. What evidence has Gitt to support his contrary (and to me, arbitrary) assertion? " (6) No information chain can exist without a mental origin. (7) No information can exist without an initial mental source; that is, information is, by its nature, a mental and not a material quantity. (8) No information can exist without a will. " So, Gitt in his founding principles, states that there can be no such thing as non-intelligently derived information. And yet random mutations, directed and filtered through a process of selection, whether natural, sexual or artificial selection, will do just that. How does Gitt support his principles? Why is it not supported by the vast body of research into information theory. "Here, syntax means an established convention for formatting data (Gitt insists it must be consciously established); " By asserting that data must have a conscious, intelligent source, and then by stating that genome sequences are information fitting his definition, Gitt is defining into existence an intelligent source for the genome without actually going to the trouble of checking if one is in fact there. He starts by disallowing anything other than intelligent design, then (I presume) in the book he goes on to demonstrate intelligent design must be the only cause that fits. That is circular reasoning. "If you think syntax can be unconsciously established, an explanation would be useful. However I will bear in mind that you are likely to dismiss this out of hand. " To me this whole argument reads as a new version of 'Paley's watch', or the eyeball argument much beloved by creationists. 'I can't see how it can arise naturally, therefore it must be created'. No more sophisticated then that, and just as wrong. This paper here http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/fitness/ includes a good example of information being introduced by the action, in tandem, of mutation plus selection. The information flow in this example is from the environment the organism is immersed in, into the genetic code for the organism itself. Rob. This e-mail and any attachment is for authorised use by the intended recipient(s) only. It may contain proprietary material, confidential information and/or be subject to legal privilege. It should not be copied, disclosed to, retained or used by, any other party. If you are not an intended recipient then please promptly delete this e-mail and any attachment and all copies and inform the sender. Thank you.