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Subject: [nep-mig] 2017-04-16, 18 papers
nep-mig 2017-04-16 papers
|
| nep-mig | New EconomicsPapers |
| on Economics of Human Migration |
| Issue of 2017‒04‒16
eighteen papers chosen by
Yuji Tamura
La Trobe University
http://econpapers.repec.org/pta90
| |
- Diasporas andConflictMariani, Fabio; Mercier, Marion; Verdier,Thierry
- Re-thinking Immigrant InvestmentFundsGamlen, Alan; Kutarna, Chris; Monk,
Ashby
- Trade Liberalization in Peru;Adjustment Costs Amidst High Labor
MobilityElin Baldárrago;Gonzalo Salinas
- Self-Employment Differentialsamong Foreign-Born STEM and Non-STEM
WorkersCai, Zhengyu;Winters, John V.
- Europe’s role in North Africa:development, investment and migrationUri
Dadush; MariaDemertzis; Guntram B. Wolff
- Do migrants transfer productiveknowledge back to their origin
countries?JéromeValette
- Multiculturalism and Growth:Skill-Specific Evidence from the Post-World
War IIPeriodFrédéric Docquier; Riccardo Turati; Jérome Valette;Chrysovalantis
Vasilakis
- Natives’ attitudes andimmigrants’ unemployment durationsSekou Keita;
JéromeValette
- Report No. 74: People to Jobs,Jobs to People: Global Mobility and Labor
MigrationEichhorst,Werner; Colussi, Tommaso; Guzi, Martin; Kahanec, Martin;
Lichter, Andreas;Nikolova, Milena; Sommer, Eric
- On the Implications of ImmigrationPolicy Restricting Citizenship: Evidence
from the DominicanRepublicAmuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Gratereaux
Hernández,Carlos; Pozo, Susan
- Risk Attitudes and HouseholdMigration DecisionsDustmann, Christian;
Fasani, Francesco; Meng,Xin; Minale, Luigi
- The Economic Impact of East-WestMigration on the European UnionKahanec,
Martin; Pytliková,Mariola
- They win, I leave: the impact ofthe Northern League party on foreign
internal migrationEgidioFarina
- Gone with the Wind: InternationalMigrationAmelia Aburn; Dennis Wesselbaum
- The Effect of Far Right Parties onthe Location Choice of Immigrants:
Evidence from Lega NordMayorsBracco, Emanuele; De Paola, Maria; Green, Colin
P.;Scoppa, Vincenzo
- Immigration barriers and net braindrainOrazbayev, Sultan
- Individual Characteristics,Behavioral Biases, and Attitudes toward
Immigration: Evidence from a survey inJapanTOMIURA Eiichi; ITO Banri; MUKUNOKI
Hiroshi; WAKASUGIRyuhei
- Productivity gains fromagglomeration and migration in Chinese cities
over2002-2013Pierre-Philippe Combes; Sylvie Démurger; ShiLi
- Diasporas andConflict
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | Mariani, Fabio ; Mercier, Marion ; Verdier, Thierry |
| We build a model of confict in which two groups contest aresource and
must decide on the optimalallocation of labor between fighting and productive
activities. In this setting,a diasporaemanating from one of the two groups can
get actively involved in the confict bytransferringfinancial resources to its
origin country. We find that the diaspora infuencesthe war outcomeand, above a
certain size, contributes to the escalation of violence. Given
thecharacteristics ofthe confict equilibrium, the two groups of residents
prefer to negotiate apeaceful settlement ifthere exists a sharing rule that
makes both of them better off than war. We thenidentify thecharacteristics of
the economy such that the diaspora acts as a peace-wreckingforce or triggers
atransition towards peace. A dynamic version of the model with an
endogenousdiaspora allows us toanalyze the joint evolution of migration and
confict in the home country,discuss the role ofopenness to migration and the
possibility of multiple equilibria, and draw somepolicyimplications. |
| Keywords: | Diasporas; Confict; InternationalMigration |
| JEL: | D74 F22 O1 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11926&r=mig ;|
- Re-thinkingImmigrant Investment Funds
| Date: | 2017 |
| By: | Gamlen, Alan ; Kutarna,Chris ; Monk, Ashby |
| The idea of selling membership into society is not new, butit has taken
on new life with therecent proliferation globally of Immigrant Investor
Programs (IIPs). Theseprograms involve thesale of national membership
privileges to wealthy foreigners. They are justifiedby attractivepolicy
objectives: to stimulate economic development and attract
engagedinvestormigrants. Butthey are often plagued by failures to achieve
either of these two goals. Thispaper surveys theuniverse of IIPs, reviews their
objectives, activities and performance, andexplores how theymight be improved.
We develop a two-dimensional typology for distinguishing IIPsaccording totypes
of criteria they impose on program applicants: (i) wealth criteria and(ii)
engagementcriteria. We map out four distinct immigrant investor strategies that
emerge outof thesedifferent IIP criteria: Aspiring Astronauts, Absent
Oligarchs, Migrant Mayorsand Pioneer Patrons.By analyzing which IIP criteria
encourage which strategies, we highlight commonmismatches betweenstated
objectives and embedded incentives, helping to explain why many IIPsreport poor
economicand immigration policy outcomes. We also contemplate solutions. In
particular,we observe that thesuccess of an IIP depends upon the
coming-together of expertise from twodomains—migration policyand investment
management—and we draw upon insights from successful SovereignDevelopment
Funds(SDFs), which likewise must simultaneously achieve public policy and
financialgoals. We propose aset of principles to guide the emergence of a new
type of SDF: ImmigrantInvestment Funds (IIFs).We also indicate how such
vehicles might help address urgent issues aroundmigration and refugees,for
example by investing in refugee and migrant entrepreneurship and in
theinfrastructures neededto incorporate newcomers, thereby demonstrating the
public value of immigrationat a time whenanti-immigrant rhetoric has become a
serious irritant in worldpolitics. |
| Keywords: | Immigrant investor programs,immigrant
investmentfunds,highly-skilled immigration policy,economic
citizenship,financialcitizenship,civic buyout,entrepreneur citizenship |
| JEL: | F22 F24 N3 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:55&r=mig ;|
- TradeLiberalization in Peru; Adjustment Costs Amidst High LaborMobility
| Date: | 2017-03-09 |
| By: | Elin Baldárrago ; GonzaloSalinas |
| While trade integration has been an engine of global growthand
prosperity some sectors have beennegatively affected by increased imports
competition, as expected in theory.Higher labor mobilitycould lower these
adjustment costs. This paper measures the cost of tradeintegration in a
contextof high internal migration. Specifically, we focus on the 2004- 14
period oftrade liberalizationin Peru (a major beneficiary of trade
integration). Despite significantmigration in response tolower tariffs, we find
a significant negative relation between tariff reductionand
socioeconomicindicators of imports-competing districts. This underscores the
need for policyaction to supportthe “losers from trade liberalization†. |
| Keywords: | Tradeliberalization;Peru;Poverty;Tariff, Measurement and
Analysis of Poverty,Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, General |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:17/47&r=mig ;|
- Self-EmploymentDifferentials among Foreign-Born STEM and Non-STEMWorkers
| Date: | 2017 |
| By: | Cai, Zhengyu ; Winters, John V. |
| This paper uses the American Community Survey to examine thepreviously
overlooked fact thatforeign STEM (science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics) graduates havemuch lowerself-employment rates than their non-STEM
counterparts, with an unconditionaldifference of 3.3percentage points. We find
empirical support for differing earningsopportunities as a partialexplanation
for this self-employment gap. High wages in STEM paid-employmentcombined with
reducedearnings in self-employment make self-employment less desirable for
STEMgraduates. Highself-employment rates among other foreign-born workers
partially reflect weakpaid-employmentopportunities. Public policy should
encourage efficient use of worker skillsrather than low-valuebusiness venture
creation. |
| Keywords: |
self-employment,immigration,foreign-born,collegemajor,STEM,earnings |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J31 L26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:49&r=mig ;|
- Europe’s role inNorth Africa: development, investment andmigration
| Date: | 2017-04 |
| By: | Uri Dadush ; MariaDemertzis ; Guntram B. Wolff |
| This paper was prepared for, and presented at, the informalECOFIN
meeting of EU finance ministersin Malta on 8 April 2017, with the title
Boosting private investment in NorthAfrica and beyond -what role for European
Institutions? Africa’s population is projected to reachalmost 2.5 billionby
2050. Migration from Africa to the EU is relatively stable, at around
500,000migrants peryear, or 0.1 percent of the EU population, yet irregular
immigration into the EUhas increasedrecently. Development is often seen as the
way to reduce migration but thedevelopment-migrationnexus is complex. At low
levels of development, migration might increase withrising GDP percapita. This
applies to most of sub-Saharan Africa. By contrast, North Africancountries are
amongthe continent’s more developed economies. Their geographical positions
makethem natural partnersfor the EU. The region is diverse but political
instability has been a commonfeature that inrecent years has hindered economic
development. Cyclical factors and deep-rootedstructuralweaknesses have also
contributed to weak economic performance. Conditions forbusiness arerelatively
poor and trade barriers in some sectors have prevented integrationeither
between thesecountries or into global value chains. The authors of this Policy
Contributionpropose five waysin which EU policymakers can contribute to
development in North Africa and buildpartnerships ontrade, investment and
migration. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:20004&r=mig ;|
- Do migrantstransfer productive knowledge back to their origincountries?
| Date: | 2017-01-03 |
| By: | Jérome Valette (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur
ledeveloppement international - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand
I- CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| This paper analyses whether international migrantscontribute to foster
innovation in developingcountries by inducing a transfer of productive
knowledge from destination to themigrants’ homecountries. Using the Economic
Complexity Index as a proxy for the amount ofproductive knowledgeembedded in
each countries, and bilateral migrant stocks to 20 OECD destinationcountries,
we showthat international emigration is a strong channel of technological
transmission.Diasporas fosterthe local adoption of new technologies by
connecting high technology countrieswith low ones,reducing the uncertainty
surrounding their profitability. Our empirical resultssupport the factthat
technological transfers are more likely to occur out of moretechnologically
advanceddestinations and when emigration rates particularly high. |
| Keywords: | International migration,Technology
transfer,Exportsophistication,Diaspora externalities. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01425451&r=mig ;
|
- Multiculturalismand Growth: Skill-Specific Evidence from the Post-World
War IIPeriod
| Date: | 2017-01-03 |
| By: | Frédéric Docquier (IRES - Institut de recherche économique
etsociale - Université catholique de Louvain) ; Riccardo Turati (IRES -
Institut de recherche économique et sociale- Université catholique de Louvain)
; JéromeValette (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le
developpementinternational - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I -
CNRS -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) ; Chrysovalantis Vasilakis
(IRES - Institut de rechercheéconomique et sociale - Université catholique de
Louvain) |
| This paper empirically revisits the impact ofmulticulturalism (as
proxied by indices ofbirthplace diversity and polarization among immigrants, or
by epidemiologicalterms) on themacroeconomic performance of US states over the
1960-2010 period. We test forskill-specificeffects of multiculturalism,
controlling for standard growth regressors and avariety of fixedeffects, and
accounting for the age of entry and legal status of immigrants.
Toidentifycausation, we compare various instrumentation strategies used in the
existingliterature. Weprovide converging and robust evidence of a positive and
significant effect ofdiversity amongcollege-educated immigrants on GDP per
capita. Overall, a 10% increase inhigh-skilled diversityraises GDP per capita
by 6.2%. On the contrary, diversity among less educatedimmigrants
hasinsignificant effects. Also, we find no evidence of a quadratic effect or
acontamination byeconomic conditions in poor countries. |
| Keywords: | Growth.,Immigration,Culture,Birthplace diversity |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01425462&r=mig ;
|
- Natives’attitudes and immigrants’ unemploymentdurations
| Date: | 2017-01-03 |
| By: | Sekou Keita (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur
ledéveloppement international - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I
-Centre national de la recherche scientifique) ; JéromeValette (CERDI - Centre
d'études et de recherches sur le developpementinternational - UdA - Université
d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS -Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique) |
| Which factors determine the performance of immigrants in thedestination
country labor market?Evidence in the literature suggests that discrimination
may be a barrier to theeconomicassimilation of immigrants. However, depending
on their country of origin,immigrants areheterogeneous with respect to the
discrimination they face. This paperinvestigates how theattitude of natives
affects immigrants’ unemployment duration in Germany.Using individual
levelpanel data from the German Socio Economic Panel from 1984 to 2012, we
employsurvival analysismethods to model immigrants’ unemployment duration. We
find that lower trustlevels of nativestowards the citizens of a given country,
measured using Eurobarometer surveys,positivelyinfluence the unemployment
duration of immigrants originating from this country.We show that thisresult is
not driven by origin-specific unobserved heterogeneity, and that it isrobust
todifferent definitions of unemployment and different specifications. The
resultsof our paperhighlight the fact that immigrants face different obstacles
depending on theirorigin when itcomes to integrating destination country labor
markets. |
| Keywords: | Immigrant workers,Unemploymentduration,Discrimination. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01425453&r=mig ;
|
- Report No. 74:People to Jobs, Jobs to People: Global Mobility and
LaborMigration
| Date: | 2017-03-30 |
| By: | Eichhorst, Werner (IZA) ; Colussi, Tommaso (IZA) ; Guzi,Martin
(Masaryk University) ; Kahanec, Martin (Central European University) ; Lichter,
Andreas (IZA) ; Nikolova, Milena (IZA) ; Sommer,Eric (IZA) |
| Report commissioned by Randstad, Bonn 2017 (100pages) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izarrs:74&r=mig ;|
- On theImplications of Immigration Policy Restricting Citizenship: Evidence
from theDominican Republic
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina (San Diego State University) ;
Gratereaux Hernández, Carlos (Ministry of Economics, DominicanRepublic) ; Pozo,
Susan (Western Michigan University) |
| In 2010, an amendment to the Dominican constitution weakenedthe concept
of jus soli citizenshipby denying Dominican nationality to individuals born on
Dominican soil toirregular immigrants. Afew years later, in 2013, the Dominican
High Court denationalized large numbersof individuals byreinterpreting language
in the prior constitution to, in effect, apply the newercitizenshiprequirements
retroactively to 1929. We gauge the impacts of changes to Dominicancitizenship
lawson Haitian immigrants and their descendants, to whom, many believe,
thesepolicies were directed.We find that the constitutional amendment affected
informal employment of someHaitians and theirdescendants. Furthermore, the High
Court's ruling resulted in a significantreduction in the shareof
Haitian-descendant youth registered in school. Non-attendance was
attributedprimarily to lackof appropriate documents. Given the rise of
nationalist sentiments anddiscussions to furtherrestrict and revoking
citizenship in various regions of the world today, it isimportant tofurther
explore how these policies ultimately impact targeted and
vulnerablepopulations. |
| Keywords: | immigration policy,birthright citizenship, Dominican
Republic, Haiti |
| JEL: | F22 F63 F66 F68 J61 K37 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10602&r=mig ;|
- Risk Attitudesand Household Migration Decisions
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | Dustmann, Christian (University College London) ; Fasani,
Francesco (Queen Mary, University of London) ; Meng, Xin(Australian National
University) ; Minale,Luigi (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) |
| This paper analyses the relation between individualmigrations and the
risk attitudes of otherhousehold members when migration is a household
decision. We develop a simplemodel that impliesthat which member migrates
depends on the distribution of risk attitudes amongall householdmembers, and
that the risk diversification gain to other household members mayinduce
migrationsthat would not take place in an individual framework. Using unique
data forChina on riskattitudes of internal (rural-urban) migrants and the
families left behind, weempirically testthree key implications of the model:
(i) that conditional on migration gains,less risk averseindividuals are more
likely to migrate; (ii) that within households, the leastrisk averseindividual
is more likely to emigrate; and (iii) that across households, themost risk
aversehouseholds are more likely to send migrants as long as they have at least
onefamily member withsufficiently low risk aversion. Our results not only
provide evidence thatmigration decisions aretaken on a household level but also
that the distribution of risk attitudeswithin the householdaffects whether a
migration takes place and who will emigrate. |
| Keywords: | risk aversion, internal migration, householddecisions |
| JEL: | J61 R23 D81 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10603&r=mig ;|
- The EconomicImpact of East-West Migration on the EuropeanUnion
| Date: | 2017 |
| By: | Kahanec, Martin ; Pytliková, Mariola |
| This study contributes to the literature ondestination-country
consequences of internationalmigration with investigations on the effects of
immigration from new EU memberstates and EasternPartnership countries on the
economies of old EU member states over the years1995-2010. Using arich
international migration dataset and an empirical model accounting for
theendogeneity ofmigration flows we find positive and significant effects of
post-enlargementmigration flows fromnew EU member states on old member states’
GDP, GDP per capita, and employmentrate and a negativeeffect on output per
worker. We also find small, but statistically significantnegative effects
ofmigration from Eastern Partnership countries on receiving countries’ GDP,
GDPper capita,employment rate, and capital stock, but a positive significant
effect oncapital-to-labor ratio.These results mark an economic success of the
EU enlargements and EU’s freemovement of workers. |
| Keywords: | EU enlargement,free mobility of
workers,migrationimpacts,European Single Market,east-west
migration,EasternPartnership |
| JEL: | J15 J61 J68 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:48&r=mig ;|
- They win, Ileave: the impact of the Northern League party on foreign
internalmigration
| Date: | 2017-04 |
| By: | Egidio Farina (Department of Economics, University ofSussex) |
| This paper studies how electoral outcomes can shapeindividuals’
migration decisions. Using theItalian mayoral elections data from 2001 to 2014,
I study how foreigncitizens’ internal migrationwith a regular residency permit
in North-Italy can be affected by the electionof a mayoraffiliated to the
Northern League (Lega Nord) party, a far-right politicalmovement
characterizedby a strong federalist, populist and anti-immigration ideology. In
order to dealwith theendogeneity of Northern League to city characteristics, a
sharp regressiondiscontinuity is used.Overall the results show that a mayor
affiliated to the Northern League partycauses an increasein the foreign
out-migration rate one year after the election. |
| Keywords: | NorthernLeague mayor, partisanship, close elections,
regression discontinuity,migration |
| JEL: | R23D72 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0617&r=mig ;|
- Gone with theWind: International Migration
| Date: | 2017-04 |
| By: | Amelia Aburn (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand)
; Dennis Wesselbaum (Department of Economics, University of Otago,New Zealand) |
| This paper adds to the literature on the determinants ofinternational
migration. First, we offera joint analysis of the driving forces of migration
capturing year-to-yearvariations and long-runeffects. Second, we analyze the
dynamic response of migration to shocks to itsdeterminants. Westart by
presenting a theoretical model that allows us to model migration as anaugmented
gravityequation. We then construct a rich panel data set with 16 destination
and 198origin countriesbetween 1980 and 2014. Most importantly, we find that
climate change is a moreimportant driverthan income and political freedom
together. Our results imply that a large timedimension is keyto understand the
effects of climate change. We then estimate a panelvectorautoregressive
modelshowing that the dynamic response of migration is very different across
shocksto differentdriving forces. Our findings carry implications for national
and internationalimmigrationpolicies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change,Determinants, Dynamic Effects,
International Migration |
| JEL: | F22 O15 Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:otg:wpaper:1708&r=mig ;|
- The Effect of FarRight Parties on the Location Choice of Immigrants:
Evidence from Lega NordMayors
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | Bracco, Emanuele (Lancaster University) ; DePaola, Maria
(University of Calabria) ; Green,Colin P. (Lancaster University) ; Scoppa,
Vincenzo (University of Calabria) |
| Immigration has increasingly taken centre-stage in thepolitical
landscape. Part of this has beenrise in far-right, anti-immigration parties in
a range of countries. Existingevidence suggeststhat the presence of immigrants
has a substantial effect on the political viewsof the electorate,generating an
advantage to these parties with anti-immigration or nationalistplatforms.
Thispaper explores a closely related but overlooked issue: how immigrant
behavior isinfluenced bythese parties. We focus on immigrant location decisions
in Northern Italy whichhas seen the riseof the anti-immigration party Lega
Nord. We construct a dataset of mayoralelections in Italy forthe years
2002-2014, and calculate the effect of electing a mayor belonging to,or
supported byLega Nord. To identify this relationship we focus on mayors who
have beenelected with narrowmargins of victory in a Regression Discontinuity
framework. The election of LegaNord mayordiscourages immigrants from moving
into the municipality. |
| Keywords: | immigration, geographical mobility, voting behavior,
political economy,regression discontinuity design |
| JEL: | J15 J61 D72 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10604&r=mig ;|
- Immigrationbarriers and net brain drain
| Date: | 2017-03-31 |
| By: | Orazbayev, Sultan |
| Education and employment histories of more than 650 thousandscientists
contained in ORCID datacan shed light on the patterns of brain drain and brain
gain in over 200countries (andterritories) over the last 40 years. The
incidence of brain drain and brain gainis positivelycorrelated across space and
time. More restrictive immigration policy towardsskilled workers andstudents is
associated with lower levels of skilled emigration (brain drain),consistent
withcompetition of domestic and foreign scientists for a limited number of
domesticacademic posts.However, after controlling for time and country
heterogeneity, increasedbarriers to immigrationare associated with a relatively
larger effect on the inflow of skilledimmigrants (brain gain),so more
restrictive policy is associated with net brain drain. |
| Keywords: | brain drain;brain gain; high-skilled migration;
scientific mobility; immigrationpolicy |
| JEL: | F2 F22 F6 F63 J61 O15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78058&r=mig ;|
- IndividualCharacteristics, Behavioral Biases, and Attitudes toward
Immigration: Evidencefrom a survey in Japan
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | TOMIURA Eiichi ; ITO Banri; MUKUNOKI Hiroshi ; WAKASUGI Ryuhei
|
| This paper examines individual attitudes toward immigrationand compares
them with trade policypreferences based on a survey of over 10,000 respondents
in Japan. Peopleopposing bothimmigration and import liberalization are
influenced by status-quo bias, whilerisk averters aremore likely to be
protectionists. Individuals with anti-immigrant sentimentstend to
havepessimistic prospects of the national economy, dislike of changing
ofresidential locations, orhave no personal acquaintances with foreigners.
These findings suggest thatwide-ranging measuresare required for expanding
support for immigration. We also confirm the effectsof such standardvariables
as education, occupation, unemployment, and gender. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17033&r=mig ;|
- Productivitygains from agglomeration and migration in Chinese cities
over2002-2013
| Date: | 2017 |
| By: | Pierre-Philippe Combes (ECON - Département d'économie -
SciencesPo, GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique
- ENSLyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2
-UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UJM - Université Jean
Monnet[Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la
RechercheScientifique) ; Sylvie Démurger (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe
d'analyse etde théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon
- UL2 -Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 -
UJM -Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS -
CentreNational de la Recherche Scientifique) ; Shi Li(Beijing Normal
University) |
| We evaluate the evolution of productivity gains from Chinesecities over
time, from 2002 to 2013.In 2002, rural migrants were exerting a strong positive
externality on natives'earnings, whichwere also higher when access to foreign
markets through access to sea washigher. In 2007 and thenfurther in 2013, city
size (employment density but also land area) has becomethe crucialdeterminant
of productivity whereas market access, internal or external, playsno direct
role.Rural migrants still enhance natives' earnings, though the effect is more
thanhal f lower than in2002. Urban gains, and their evolution over time, are
very similar on total andper hour earnings.Skilled workers and females seem to
gain slightly more from cities thanunskilled workers andmales. |
| Keywords: | urbandevelopment,agglomeration economies,wage
disparities,migration |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01468602&r=mig ;
|
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ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
Issue of 2017â04â16 â
eighteen papers chosen by â
Yuji Tamura (La Trobe â
University) â
â
â
http://ep.repec.org/pta90 â
âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
1. Diasporas and Conflict
Mariani, Fabio; Mercier, Marion; Verdier, Thierry
2. Re-thinking Immigrant Investment Funds
Gamlen, Alan; Kutarna, Chris; Monk, Ashby
3. Trade Liberalization in Peru; Adjustment Costs Amidst High Labor Mobility
Elin Baldárrago; Gonzalo Salinas
4. Self-Employment Differentials among Foreign-Born STEM and Non-STEM Workers
Cai, Zhengyu; Winters, John V.
5. Europeâs role in North Africa: development, investment and migration
Uri Dadush; Maria Demertzis; Guntram B. Wolff
6. Do migrants transfer productive knowledge back to their origin countries?
Jérome Valette
7. Multiculturalism and Growth: Skill-Specific Evidence from the Post-World
War II Period
Frédéric Docquier; Riccardo Turati; Jérome Valette; Chrysovalantis
Vasilakis
8. Nativesâ attitudes and immigrantsâ unemployment durations
Sekou Keita; Jérome Valette
9. Report No. 74: People to Jobs, Jobs to People: Global Mobility and Labor
Migration
Eichhorst, Werner; Colussi, Tommaso; Guzi, Martin; Kahanec, Martin;
Lichter, Andreas; Nikolova, Milena; Sommer, Eric
10. On the Implications of Immigration Policy Restricting Citizenship:
Evidence from the Dominican Republic
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Gratereaux Hernández, Carlos; Pozo, Susan
11. Risk Attitudes and Household Migration Decisions
Dustmann, Christian; Fasani, Francesco; Meng, Xin; Minale, Luigi
12. The Economic Impact of East-West Migration on the European Union
Kahanec, Martin; Pytliková, Mariola
13. They win, I leave: the impact of the Northern League party on foreign
internal migration
Egidio Farina
14. Gone with the Wind: International Migration
Amelia Aburn; Dennis Wesselbaum
15. The Effect of Far Right Parties on the Location Choice of Immigrants:
Evidence from Lega Nord Mayors
Bracco, Emanuele; De Paola, Maria; Green, Colin P.; Scoppa, Vincenzo
16. Immigration barriers and net brain drain
Orazbayev, Sultan
17. Individual Characteristics, Behavioral Biases, and Attitudes toward
Immigration: Evidence from a survey in Japan
TOMIURA Eiichi; ITO Banri; MUKUNOKI Hiroshi; WAKASUGI Ryuhei
18. Productivity gains from agglomeration and migration in Chinese cities over
2002-2013
Pierre-Philippe Combes; Sylvie Démurger; Shi Li
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
1. Diasporas and Conflict
Mariani, Fabio
Mercier, Marion
Verdier, Thierry
We build a model of confict in which two groups contest a resource and must
decide on the optimal allocation of labor between fighting and productive
activities. In this setting, a diaspora emanating from one of the two groups
can get actively involved in the confict by transferring financial resources
to its origin country. We find that the diaspora infuences the war outcome
and, above a certain size, contributes to the escalation of violence. Given
the characteristics of the confict equilibrium, the two groups of residents
prefer to negotiate a peaceful settlement if there exists a sharing rule that
makes both of them better off than war. We then identify the characteristics
of the economy such that the diaspora acts as a peace-wrecking force or
triggers a transition towards peace. A dynamic version of the model with an
endogenous diaspora allows us to analyze the joint evolution of migration and
confict in the home country, discuss the role of openness to migration and
the possibility of multiple equilibria, and draw some policy implications.
Keywords: Diasporas; Confict; International Migration
JEL: D74 F22 O1
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11926&r=mig
2. Re-thinking Immigrant Investment Funds
Gamlen, Alan
Kutarna, Chris
Monk, Ashby
The idea of selling membership into society is not new, but it has taken on
new life with the recent proliferation globally of Immigrant Investor
Programs (IIPs). These programs involve the sale of national membership
privileges to wealthy foreigners. They are justified by attractive policy
objectives: to stimulate economic development and attract engaged
investormigrants. But they are often plagued by failures to achieve either of
these two goals. This paper surveys the universe of IIPs, reviews their
objectives, activities and performance, and explores how they might be
improved. We develop a two-dimensional typology for distinguishing IIPs
according to types of criteria they impose on program applicants: (i) wealth
criteria and (ii) engagement criteria. We map out four distinct immigrant
investor strategies that emerge out of these different IIP criteria: Aspiring
Astronauts, Absent Oligarchs, Migrant Mayors and Pioneer Patrons. By
analyzing which IIP criteria encourage which strategies, we highlight common
mismatches between stated objectives and embedded incentives, helping to
explain why many IIPs report poor economic and immigration policy outcomes.
We also contemplate solutions. In particular, we observe that the success of
an IIP depends upon the coming-together of expertise from two
domainsâmigration policy and investment managementâand we draw upon
insights
from successful Sovereign Development Funds (SDFs), which likewise must
simultaneously achieve public policy and financial goals. We propose a set of
principles to guide the emergence of a new type of SDF: Immigrant Investment
Funds (IIFs). We also indicate how such vehicles might help address urgent
issues around migration and refugees, for example by investing in refugee and
migrant entrepreneurship and in the infrastructures needed to incorporate
newcomers, thereby demonstrating the public value of immigration at a time
when anti-immigrant rhetoric has become a serious irritant in world politics.
Keywords: Immigrant investor programs,immigrant investment
funds,highly-skilled immigration policy,economic citizenship,financial
citizenship,civic buyout,entrepreneur citizenship
JEL: F22 F24 N3
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:55&r=mig
3. Trade Liberalization in Peru; Adjustment Costs Amidst High Labor Mobility
Elin Baldárrago
Gonzalo Salinas
While trade integration has been an engine of global growth and prosperity
some sectors have been negatively affected by increased imports competition,
as expected in theory. Higher labor mobility could lower these adjustment
costs. This paper measures the cost of trade integration in a context of high
internal migration. Specifically, we focus on the 2004- 14 period of trade
liberalization in Peru (a major beneficiary of trade integration). Despite
significant migration in response to lower tariffs, we find a significant
negative relation between tariff reduction and socioeconomic indicators of
imports-competing districts. This underscores the need for policy action to
support the ââ¬Ålosers from trade liberalizationâ⬠.
Keywords: Trade liberalization;Peru;Poverty;Tariff, Measurement and
Analysis of Poverty, Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, General
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:17/47&r=mig
4. Self-Employment Differentials among Foreign-Born STEM and Non-STEM Workers
Cai, Zhengyu
Winters, John V.
This paper uses the American Community Survey to examine the previously
overlooked fact that foreign STEM (science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics) graduates have much lower self-employment rates than their
non-STEM counterparts, with an unconditional difference of 3.3 percentage
points. We find empirical support for differing earnings opportunities as a
partial explanation for this self-employment gap. High wages in STEM
paid-employment combined with reduced earnings in self-employment make
self-employment less desirable for STEM graduates. High self-employment rates
among other foreign-born workers partially reflect weak paid-employment
opportunities. Public policy should encourage efficient use of worker skills
rather than low-value business venture creation.
Keywords: self-employment,immigration,foreign-born,college
major,STEM,earnings
JEL: F22 J15 J31 L26
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:49&r=mig
5. Europeâs role in North Africa: development, investment and migration
Uri Dadush
Maria Demertzis
Guntram B. Wolff
This paper was prepared for, and presented at, the informal ECOFIN meeting of
EU finance ministers in Malta on 8 April 2017, with the title Boosting
private investment in North Africa and beyond - what role for European
Institutions? Africaâs population is projected to reach almost 2.5 billion
by
2050. Migration from Africa to the EU is relatively stable, at around 500,000
migrants per year, or 0.1 percent of the EU population, yet irregular
immigration into the EU has increased recently. Development is often seen as
the way to reduce migration but the development-migration nexus is complex.
At low levels of development, migration might increase with rising GDP per
capita. This applies to most of sub-Saharan Africa. By contrast, North
African countries are among the continentâs more developed economies. Their
geographical positions make them natural partners for the EU. The region is
diverse but political instability has been a common feature that in recent
years has hindered economic development. Cyclical factors and deep-rooted
structural weaknesses have also contributed to weak economic performance.
Conditions for business are relatively poor and trade barriers in some
sectors have prevented integration either between these countries or into
global value chains. The authors of this Policy Contribution propose five
ways in which EU policymakers can contribute to development in North Africa
and build partnerships on trade, investment and migration.
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:20004&r=mig
6. Do migrants transfer productive knowledge back to their origin countries?
Jérome Valette (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le
developpement international - UdA - Université d'Auvergne -
Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
This paper analyses whether international migrants contribute to foster
innovation in developing countries by inducing a transfer of productive
knowledge from destination to the migrantsâ home countries. Using the
Economic Complexity Index as a proxy for the amount of productive knowledge
embedded in each countries, and bilateral migrant stocks to 20 OECD
destination countries, we show that international emigration is a strong
channel of technological transmission. Diasporas foster the local adoption of
new technologies by connecting high technology countries with low ones,
reducing the uncertainty surrounding their profitability. Our empirical
results support the fact that technological transfers are more likely to
occur out of more technologically advanced destinations and when emigration
rates particularly high.
Keywords: International migration,Technology transfer,Export
sophistication,Diaspora externalities.
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01425451&r=mig
7. Multiculturalism and Growth: Skill-Specific Evidence from the Post-World
War II Period
Frédéric Docquier (IRES - Institut de recherche économique et sociale -
Université catholique de Louvain)
Riccardo Turati (IRES - Institut de recherche économique et sociale -
Université catholique de Louvain)
Jérome Valette (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le
developpement international - UdA - Université d'Auvergne -
Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
Chrysovalantis Vasilakis (IRES - Institut de recherche économique et
sociale - Université catholique de Louvain)
This paper empirically revisits the impact of multiculturalism (as proxied by
indices of birthplace diversity and polarization among immigrants, or by
epidemiological terms) on the macroeconomic performance of US states over the
1960-2010 period. We test for skill-specific effects of multiculturalism,
controlling for standard growth regressors and a variety of fixed effects,
and accounting for the age of entry and legal status of immigrants. To
identify causation, we compare various instrumentation strategies used in the
existing literature. We provide converging and robust evidence of a positive
and significant effect of diversity among college-educated immigrants on GDP
per capita. Overall, a 10% increase in high-skilled diversity raises GDP per
capita by 6.2%. On the contrary, diversity among less educated immigrants has
insignificant effects. Also, we find no evidence of a quadratic effect or a
contamination by economic conditions in poor countries.
Keywords: Growth.,Immigration,Culture,Birthplace diversity
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01425462&r=mig
8. Nativesâ attitudes and immigrantsâ unemployment durations
Sekou Keita (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le
développement
international - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - Centre
national de la recherche scientifique)
Jérome Valette (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le
developpement international - UdA - Université d'Auvergne -
Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
Which factors determine the performance of immigrants in the destination
country labor market? Evidence in the literature suggests that discrimination
may be a barrier to the economic assimilation of immigrants. However,
depending on their country of origin, immigrants are heterogeneous with
respect to the discrimination they face. This paper investigates how the
attitude of natives affects immigrantsâ unemployment duration in Germany.
Using individual level panel data from the German Socio Economic Panel from
1984 to 2012, we employ survival analysis methods to model immigrantsâ
unemployment duration. We find that lower trust levels of natives towards the
citizens of a given country, measured using Eurobarometer surveys, positively
influence the unemployment duration of immigrants originating from this
country. We show that this result is not driven by origin-specific unobserved
heterogeneity, and that it is robust to different definitions of unemployment
and different specifications. The results of our paper highlight the fact
that immigrants face different obstacles depending on their origin when it
comes to integrating destination country labor markets.
Keywords: Immigrant workers,Unemployment duration,Discrimination.
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01425453&r=mig
9. Report No. 74: People to Jobs, Jobs to People: Global Mobility and Labor
Migration
Eichhorst, Werner (IZA)
Colussi, Tommaso (IZA)
Guzi, Martin (Masaryk University)
Kahanec, Martin (Central European University)
Lichter, Andreas (IZA)
Nikolova, Milena (IZA)
Sommer, Eric (IZA)
Report commissioned by Randstad, Bonn 2017 (100 pages)
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izarrs:74&r=mig
10. On the Implications of Immigration Policy Restricting Citizenship:
Evidence from the Dominican Republic
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina (San Diego State University)
Gratereaux Hernández, Carlos (Ministry of Economics, Dominican Republic)
Pozo, Susan (Western Michigan University)
In 2010, an amendment to the Dominican constitution weakened the concept of
jus soli citizenship by denying Dominican nationality to individuals born on
Dominican soil to irregular immigrants. A few years later, in 2013, the
Dominican High Court denationalized large numbers of individuals by
reinterpreting language in the prior constitution to, in effect, apply the
newer citizenship requirements retroactively to 1929. We gauge the impacts of
changes to Dominican citizenship laws on Haitian immigrants and their
descendants, to whom, many believe, these policies were directed. We find
that the constitutional amendment affected informal employment of some
Haitians and their descendants. Furthermore, the High Court's ruling resulted
in a significant reduction in the share of Haitian-descendant youth
registered in school. Non-attendance was attributed primarily to lack of
appropriate documents. Given the rise of nationalist sentiments and
discussions to further restrict and revoking citizenship in various regions
of the world today, it is important to further explore how these policies
ultimately impact targeted and vulnerable populations.
Keywords: immigration policy, birthright citizenship, Dominican Republic,
Haiti
JEL: F22 F63 F66 F68 J61 K37
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10602&r=mig
11. Risk Attitudes and Household Migration Decisions
Dustmann, Christian (University College London)
Fasani, Francesco (Queen Mary, University of London)
Meng, Xin (Australian National University)
Minale, Luigi (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid)
This paper analyses the relation between individual migrations and the risk
attitudes of other household members when migration is a household decision.
We develop a simple model that implies that which member migrates depends on
the distribution of risk attitudes among all household members, and that the
risk diversification gain to other household members may induce migrations
that would not take place in an individual framework. Using unique data for
China on risk attitudes of internal (rural-urban) migrants and the families
left behind, we empirically test three key implications of the model: (i)
that conditional on migration gains, less risk averse individuals are more
likely to migrate; (ii) that within households, the least risk averse
individual is more likely to emigrate; and (iii) that across households, the
most risk averse households are more likely to send migrants as long as they
have at least one family member with sufficiently low risk aversion. Our
results not only provide evidence that migration decisions are taken on a
household level but also that the distribution of risk attitudes within the
household affects whether a migration takes place and who will emigrate.
Keywords: risk aversion, internal migration, household decisions
JEL: J61 R23 D81
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10603&r=mig
12. The Economic Impact of East-West Migration on the European Union
Kahanec, Martin
Pytliková, Mariola
This study contributes to the literature on destination-country consequences
of international migration with investigations on the effects of immigration
from new EU member states and Eastern Partnership countries on the economies
of old EU member states over the years 1995-2010. Using a rich international
migration dataset and an empirical model accounting for the endogeneity of
migration flows we find positive and significant effects of post-enlargement
migration flows from new EU member states on old member statesâ GDP, GDP per
capita, and employment rate and a negative effect on output per worker. We
also find small, but statistically significant negative effects of migration
from Eastern Partnership countries on receiving countriesâ GDP, GDP per
capita, employment rate, and capital stock, but a positive significant effect
on capital-to-labor ratio. These results mark an economic success of the EU
enlargements and EUâs free movement of workers.
Keywords: EU enlargement,free mobility of workers,migration
impacts,European Single Market,east-west migration,Eastern Partnership
JEL: J15 J61 J68
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:48&r=mig
13. They win, I leave: the impact of the Northern League party on foreign
internal migration
Egidio Farina (Department of Economics, University of Sussex)
This paper studies how electoral outcomes can shape individualsâ migration
decisions. Using the Italian mayoral elections data from 2001 to 2014, I
study how foreign citizensâ internal migration with a regular residency
permit in North-Italy can be affected by the election of a mayor affiliated
to the Northern League (Lega Nord) party, a far-right political movement
characterized by a strong federalist, populist and anti-immigration ideology.
In order to deal with the endogeneity of Northern League to city
characteristics, a sharp regression discontinuity is used. Overall the
results show that a mayor affiliated to the Northern League party causes an
increase in the foreign out-migration rate one year after the election.
Keywords: Northern League mayor, partisanship, close elections, regression
discontinuity, migration
JEL: R23 D72
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0617&r=mig
14. Gone with the Wind: International Migration
Amelia Aburn (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand)
Dennis Wesselbaum (Department of Economics, University of Otago, New
Zealand)
This paper adds to the literature on the determinants of international
migration. First, we offer a joint analysis of the driving forces of
migration capturing year-to-year variations and long-run effects. Second, we
analyze the dynamic response of migration to shocks to its determinants. We
start by presenting a theoretical model that allows us to model migration as
an augmented gravity equation. We then construct a rich panel data set with
16 destination and 198 origin countries between 1980 and 2014. Most
importantly, we find that climate change is a more important driver than
income and political freedom together. Our results imply that a large time
dimension is key to understand the effects of climate change. We then
estimate a panel vectorautoregressive model showing that the dynamic response
of migration is very different across shocks to different driving forces. Our
findings carry implications for national and international immigration
policies.
Keywords: Climate Change, Determinants, Dynamic Effects, International
Migration
JEL: F22 O15 Q54
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:otg:wpaper:1708&r=mig
15. The Effect of Far Right Parties on the Location Choice of Immigrants:
Evidence from Lega Nord Mayors
Bracco, Emanuele (Lancaster University)
De Paola, Maria (University of Calabria)
Green, Colin P. (Lancaster University)
Scoppa, Vincenzo (University of Calabria)
Immigration has increasingly taken centre-stage in the political landscape.
Part of this has been rise in far-right, anti-immigration parties in a range
of countries. Existing evidence suggests that the presence of immigrants has
a substantial effect on the political views of the electorate, generating an
advantage to these parties with anti-immigration or nationalist platforms.
This paper explores a closely related but overlooked issue: how immigrant
behavior is influenced by these parties. We focus on immigrant location
decisions in Northern Italy which has seen the rise of the anti-immigration
party Lega Nord. We construct a dataset of mayoral elections in Italy for the
years 2002-2014, and calculate the effect of electing a mayor belonging to,
or supported by Lega Nord. To identify this relationship we focus on mayors
who have been elected with narrow margins of victory in a Regression
Discontinuity framework. The election of Lega Nord mayor discourages
immigrants from moving into the municipality.
Keywords: immigration, geographical mobility, voting behavior, political
economy, regression discontinuity design
JEL: J15 J61 D72
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10604&r=mig
16. Immigration barriers and net brain drain
Orazbayev, Sultan
Education and employment histories of more than 650 thousand scientists
contained in ORCID data can shed light on the patterns of brain drain and
brain gain in over 200 countries (and territories) over the last 40 years.
The incidence of brain drain and brain gain is positively correlated across
space and time. More restrictive immigration policy towards skilled workers
and students is associated with lower levels of skilled emigration (brain
drain), consistent with competition of domestic and foreign scientists for a
limited number of domestic academic posts. However, after controlling for
time and country heterogeneity, increased barriers to immigration are
associated with a relatively larger effect on the inflow of skilled
immigrants (brain gain), so more restrictive policy is associated with net
brain drain.
Keywords: brain drain; brain gain; high-skilled migration; scientific
mobility; immigration policy
JEL: F2 F22 F6 F63 J61 O15
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78058&r=mig
17. Individual Characteristics, Behavioral Biases, and Attitudes toward
Immigration: Evidence from a survey in Japan
TOMIURA Eiichi
ITO Banri
MUKUNOKI Hiroshi
WAKASUGI Ryuhei
This paper examines individual attitudes toward immigration and compares them
with trade policy preferences based on a survey of over 10,000 respondents in
Japan. People opposing both immigration and import liberalization are
influenced by status-quo bias, while risk averters are more likely to be
protectionists. Individuals with anti-immigrant sentiments tend to have
pessimistic prospects of the national economy, dislike of changing of
residential locations, or have no personal acquaintances with foreigners.
These findings suggest that wide-ranging measures are required for expanding
support for immigration. We also confirm the effects of such standard
variables as education, occupation, unemployment, and gender.
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17033&r=mig
18. Productivity gains from agglomeration and migration in Chinese cities over
2002-2013
Pierre-Philippe Combes (ECON - Département d'économie - Sciences Po, GATE
Lyon Saint-Ãtienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS
Lyon
- Ãcole normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2
-
UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet
[Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique)
Sylvie Démurger (GATE Lyon Saint-Ãtienne - Groupe d'analyse et de
théorie
économique - ENS Lyon - Ãcole normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 -
Université
Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UJM -
Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS -
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
Shi Li (Beijing Normal University)
We evaluate the evolution of productivity gains from Chinese cities over
time, from 2002 to 2013. In 2002, rural migrants were exerting a strong
positive externality on natives' earnings, which were also higher when access
to foreign markets through access to sea was higher. In 2007 and then further
in 2013, city size (employment density but also land area) has become the
crucial determinant of productivity whereas market access, internal or
external, plays no direct role. Rural migrants still enhance natives'
earnings, though the effect is more than hal f lower than in 2002. Urban
gains, and their evolution over time, are very similar on total and per hour
earnings. Skilled workers and females seem to gain slightly more from cities
than unskilled workers and males.
Keywords: urban development,agglomeration economies,wage
disparities,migration
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01468602&r=mig
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