The Empire's Hidden Hand: How The US Established, Sustains and Benefits From
Morocco's Occupation of Western Sahara
Over the decades, the Moroccan settler population expanded while the United
States and European Union have illegally exploited the Western Sahara's
resources, mining phosphates, fishing in its waters, and in recent years,
drilling for oil and gas.
by Dan Cohen
February 24th, 2021
By Dan Cohen
WESTERN SAHARA - On November 13, 2020, commanders from the United States and
Morrocan militaries met to plan annual joint exercises. The following day,
1,000 Moroccan soldiers and 200 vehicles stormed into the Guerguerat border
crossing - a key highway in the occupied Western Sahara that connects
Morocco to Mauritania, built in violation of international law.
The indigenous people, known as Sahrawis, had been staging daily protests in
this demilitarized zone and blocking the road for three weeks prior. Though
no one was injured in Morocco's attack, it shattered a 29-year ceasefire and
reignited an independence struggle in Africa's last extant colony, Western
Sahara.
After the Morrocan attack, the Sahrawi armed resistance group known as the
POLISARIO Front evacuated the civilian protesters and returned fire. Since
then, Sahrawi men and women enlisted in the resistance group have battled
Moroccan forces, using aging weaponry from the Soviet Union.
The fog of war, the clarity of U.S. geopolitics
The Moroccan military doesn't allow journalists to enter the occupied
territory, creating a media blackout. The POLISARIO Front has provided
videos of its military operations, but there is no information about
casualties and family members of fighters have no way to contact them.
"I don't know if my brothers are still alive, I don't know if my family that
lives there are alive. Because we don't have that information, we don't have
any contact," says Sahrawi refugee Nana Salem.
As the battle raged, then-President Donald Trump announced U.S. recognition
of Morrocan sovereignty over the Western Sahara and that Morocco would
follow the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, and formally normalize
relations with Israel. At the center of this effort was Jared Kushner.
"By recognizing Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara, President
Trump is rejecting the failed status quo, which benefits no one, and instead
is driving toward a just, lasting, and mutually acceptable solution,"
Kushner explained. But this mutual recognition of occupying states with
expansionist ideologies is little more than a rebranding of a status quo
that has long benefited Morocco, Israel and the United States.
A long struggle for independence
The territory of Western Sahara is the last settler-colony in Africa. Eighty
percent of the territory is under Moroccan occupation and settlers now
constitute two-thirds of the population of 500,000.
The Sahrawi struggle for independence predates Morrocan occupation. In 1884,
Spain began to colonize the Western Sahara, referring to it as the Spanish
Sahara and its inhabitants as the Sahrawis. In 1957-58 the Sahrawis began an
uprising against Spain that formed a national consciousness. This was backed
by international law: in 1972, UN Resolution 2983 affirmed "the inalienable
right of the people of the Sahara to self-determination and independence."
Western Sahara
Polisario freedom fighters prepaare tea in the Western Sahara region of
Tifariti, May 20 2008. Daniel Ochoa de Olza | AP
In the early 1970s, Sahrawi El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed, influenced by the
revolutionary writer Franz Fanon, founded the POLISARIO front - an armed
resistance group dedicated to ousting the U.S.-backed fascist dictator of
Spain, Francisco Franco.
But Hassan The Second, the king of Morocco - which had gained independence
from France and Spain in the 1950s - was weakened after two failed military
coup d'etats. To bolster his nationalist credentials, Hassan looked to
expand borders south as part of a Greater Morocco vision, setting up for a
clash with Spain and international rulings.
In 1975, the United Nations Security Council issued a report in favor of the
Sahrawi and independence, and the International Court of Justice issued an
opinion against Moroccan and Mauritanian claims to the territory, signifying
its status as the last colony of Africa.
Franco was on his deathbed and worried that a renewed colonial war in Africa
would undermine his regime's stability.
Swept up in the Cold War board game
For Washington, Morocco was an important Cold War ally essential to
projecting anti-communist influence over the Mediterranean, Africa, and into
southwest Asia. The former United States Ambassador to Morocco, Joseph
Verner Reed Jr., remarked, "It is obvious that the next pressure point for
the Soviets is going to be the Kingdom of Morocco, situated strategically as
it is on the Straits of Gibraltar." Thus Washington secretly arranged for
the Spanish to withdraw from the Western Sahara and cede it to Morocco and
Mauritania.
The United States and Saudi Arabia helped Morocco plan what is known as the
Green March. King Hassan ordered 350,000 volunteers, flanked by military
forces, to storm the Western Sahara, portraying an armed invasion as an act
of liberation. The marchers carried Qurans as well as Moroccan, American and
Saudi flags. While it's called the Green March for the often-green-colored
Qurans carried by marchers, some carried the red-white-and-blue American
flag.
Moroccan soldiers acted with unrestrained brutality as they carried out a
campaign of ethnic cleansing. Witnesses described widespread torture, rape,
and murder. Forty thousand Sahrawi civilians fled to the interior of the
territory. There they were attacked by Moroccan warplanes that fired napalm
and white phosphorus. Others fled to safety in neighboring Algeria, where
they built refugee camps.
Independence declared, battle continued
Defiant, El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed and the Sahrawis declared the independence
of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. "In the name of God and with the
help of God, to materialize the will of the Arab people, and in loyalty to
our righteous martyrs and as a culmination of the sacrifices of our people,
today on the land of Saguia el-Hamra and Oued Ed-Dahab the flag of the
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic will be raised," Sayed declared.
Algeria Western Sahara
Sahrawi schoolchildren in the Smara refugee camp, Tindouf, Algeria, March 4,
2016. Toufik Doudou | AP
The POLISARIO front continued to battle the much larger militaries of
Morocco and Mauritania, winning impressive successes. By 1979, Mauritania
was forced into an agreement and withdrew. The POLISARIO - backed by Muammar
Qaddafi's Libya and Abdelaziz Bouteflika's Algeria - continued to battle the
U.S.- and EU-backed Moroccan forces.
While Israel and Morocco developed ties in secret and the Mossad helped
stamp out Moroccan opposition movements, Palestinian revolutionary leader
George Habash visited the Sahrawi refugees to declare support for their
cause.
World's longest military wall
In 1981, Morocco began construction of a 1,600-mile wall - the longest
military barrier in the world - made of sand, loaded with sensors supplied
by the U.S. and France, booby-trapped with millions of mines, and patrolled
by tens of thousands of soldiers. This would prevent the return of the
Sahrawi refugees in Algeria and cement Moroccan control of the majority of
the territory.
In the wake of the Iranian revolution that ousted the U.S.-backed Shah, the
Carter and Reagan administrations increased economic and military aid to
prop up the king of Morocco, which was facing an internal crisis from
importing food and energy, drought, and its expensive occupation. The two
countries signed an agreement allowing the U.S. to use its military
airbases. Washington saw this as a crucial step in projecting its influence.
In 1991, a United Nations peacekeeping mission brokered a ceasefire that was
to be followed with a referendum on whether to join Morocco or become
independent. But Moroccan intransigence and UN malfeasance prevented the
referendum from ever taking place.
Raping the resources
Over the decades, the Moroccan settler population expanded while the United
States and European Union have illegally exploited the Western Sahara's
resources, mining phosphates, fishing in its waters, and in recent years,
drilling for oil and gas.
Phosphates are an essential ingredient in fertilizers for growing crops, and
thus for agri-business, which has a major impact on U.S. policy. One
analysis states that "U.S. phosphate supplies will run out within the next
four decades, but Morocco has a supply of at least 300 years," adding that
"the issue has the potential to alter current appraisals of American
strategic interests in the region."
Perhaps even more valuable in the short term than Western Sahara's mineral
deposits are the fish in its coastal waters. But unregulated Moroccan and
European fishing have depleted those stocks. An independent study
commissioned by the European Union in 2011 found that Western Sahara's fish
supply had been decimated.
Morocco Phosphate
A Moroccan flag flies in front of a phosphate production facility in Jorf
Lasfar. Abdeljalil Bounhar | AP
While Sahrawi refugees are forced to rely on pittances from the European
Union, Morocco illegally sells their fish resources to foreign countries.
Western Sahara Resource Watch found that "[t]he value of the exports of
fishmeal from the occupied territory to Turkey, alone, equals three times
the entire amount that is donated in multilateral aid to the refugees in one
entire year. The EU today pays Morocco more to get access to Western
Sahara's fish banks than they give in aid to the refugees."
What's more, a document from the Moroccan Foreign Ministry leaked in 2014
revealed that Morocco strategically embroils other countries in its
occupation in order to shield it from international law. The document
proposed to "Implicate Russia in activities in the Sahara, as is already the
case in the field of fisheries.. In return, Russia could guarantee a freeze
on the Sahara file within the UN." Indeed, the UN has stalled out time and
time again in delivering any semblance of justice for the people of the
Western Sahara.
A key outpost of Western imperialism
Nearly 50 years after its occupation of the Western Sahara began, Morocco
remains a key outpost of Western imperialism in Africa. It's a major
non-NATO ally and hosts the African Lion and Phoenix Express exercises with
the U.S. military.
Morocco is also a major recipient of American weapons. Ninety-one percent of
its arms imports are from the United States. And in 2019, Morocco spent
$10.3 billion dollars on U.S. weapons - more than any other country in
Africa or the Middle East - and signed a ten-year military cooperation
agreement with the Trump administration.
In some regards, Morocco's occupation of the Western Sahara is a project of
the United States. Moroccan military officers study at the U.S. Army War
College and National Defense University in its International Military
Education and Training program. The majority of these officers are deployed
to the Western Sahara upon graduation, where they oversee an occupation
regime dedicated to stamping out the Sahrawi national cause. Protests are
met with brute force and severe beatings.
Morocco is also a partner in the secretive, U.S.-led Trans-Sahara
Counterterrorism Partnership; yet its political, social and economic dynamic
produces a disproportionate number of jihadists that have fought in
Afghanistan, Syria, Bosnia and Chechnya, and carried out a series of
bombings in Madrid in 2004.
The same geopolitical dynamic from the Cold War exists today. Morocco's
militarization has sparked an arms race for dominance of the skies with
neighboring Algeria, which has been a long-time supporter of the POLISARIO
and hosts Sahrawi refugees. In May 2020, Algeria agreed to purchase Russian
weapons, cementing its status as the continent's top importer of Russian
military equipment.
Occupation and empty promises
For Sahrawis, decades of Moroccan occupation and empty promises from the
international community have bred frustration and militancy. And the
COVID-19 pandemic has made life in the refugee camps even more unbearable.
As for what the Biden administration might do, his secretary of defense,
Ret. Gen. Lloyd Austin, was clueless when he was asked his opinion on the
Western Sahara, responding: "Well, that's an issue that I certainly would
want to take a closer look at before I gave you a detailed answer. But it's
one of the things that I look at right away, if confirmed, going into the
position."
With little information coming out of the battle between Morrocan occupation
forces and the POLISARIO front, only time will tell whether the Sahrawi
struggle for independence will succeed and whether Morocco's refusal to end
its rule will spark a wider war.
