Hi Miriam
I couldn't read this up to end.
I didn't read because when I read thinks like this I get some expretion and
I could Immediately start to kry:
Maby this is from thinks what I seen and listen from many people what
torture they are past thru in Bosnien war.
When I say that I understood everything I am one of a rare blind people that
I had the chance to listen to the enemy talking and that hatred has when he
is talking over the radio, and I could only imagine what they are doing
prisoners, civilians, children and the other a child when get hold of them.
I had chance to hear it all over the radio because I have ham Radio
permission obviously second class, which means almost the best class amateur
radio license.
That's why I do not like to read much about torture and humiliation whoever
it was.
I must say, and without this experience that I have unfortunately gained
during the war in Bosnia that took place in the heart of Europe and has not
done anything to stop the war on the outskirts of the genocide ended in many
cities in Bosnia one of the greatest genocide took place in my home town of
Srebrenica Muslims by the Serbian army.
Europe could prevent it if they are wanted to, because that same war were
kept under control and prevent a player is that Croatia does not divide and
didn't let something like what happened in Bosnia.
In Bosnia that want to Prevent, because there are Muslim majority
population, while in Croatia, lives a majority Catholic population
with the help of the Vatican and Germany the genocide and the division is
prevented in Croatia.
I want to say this is normal for USA, Rosha, Israel, Germany, United kingdom
and maybe French.
Why I say normal for this country?
jus if you remember that during second world wore
USA, rosha and England
let German narcy to cam into this country and let them do job what they are
do when they are was in Hitler military.
This country was took them experiment and lader work on this residents.
Many of this narci was free com in this country, after com in this country
they are
get other identity and became free residents.
Abdulah Hasic
-----Original Message-----
From: Miriam Vieni
Sent: Tuesday, June 23, 2015 4:13 PM
To: blind-democracy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Subject: [blind-democracy] Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested
Troops by Race
Did I just say that things are deteriorating? Well, this happened during our
good
! war!
Miriam
Dickerson writes: "While the Pentagon admitted decades ago that it used
American troops as test subjects in experiments with mustard gas, until now,
officials have never spoken about the tests that grouped subjects by race."
These historical photographs depict the forearms of human test subjects
after being exposed to nitrogen mustard and lewisite agents in World War II
experiments conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.
(photo: Naval Research Laboratory)
Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops by Race
By Caitlin Dickerson, NPR
23 June 15
As a young U.S. Army soldier during World War II, Rollins Edwards knew
better than to refuse an assignment.
When officers led him and a dozen others into a wooden gas chamber and
locked the door, he didn't complain. None of them did. Then, a mixture of
mustard gas and a similar agent called lewisite was piped inside.
"It felt like you were on fire," recalls Edwards, now 93 years old. "Guys
started screaming and hollering and trying to break out. And then some of
the guys fainted. And finally they opened the door and let us out, and the
guys were just, they were in bad shape."
Edwards was one of 60,000 enlisted men enrolled in a once-secret government
program - formally declassified in 1993 - to test mustard gas and other
chemical agents on American troops. But there was a specific reason he was
chosen: Edwards is African-American.
"They said we were being tested to see what effect these gases would have on
black skins," Edwards says.
An NPR investigation has found evidence that Edwards' experience was not
unique. While the Pentagon admitted decades ago that it used American troops
as test subjects in experiments with mustard gas, until now, officials have
never spoken about the tests that grouped subjects by race.
For the first time, NPR tracked down some of the men used in the race-based
experiments. And it wasn't just African-Americans. Japanese-Americans were
used as test subjects, serving as proxies for the enemy so scientists could
explore how mustard gas and other chemicals might affect Japanese troops.
Puerto Rican soldiers were also singled out.
White enlisted men were used as scientific control groups. Their reactions
were used to establish what was "normal," and then compared to the minority
troops.
All of the World War II experiments with mustard gas were done in secret and
weren't recorded on the subjects' official military records. Most do not
have proof of what they went through. They received no follow-up health care
or monitoring of any kind. And they were sworn to secrecy about the tests
under threat of dishonorable discharge and military prison time, leaving
some unable to receive adequate medical treatment for their injuries,
because they couldn't tell doctors what happened to them.
Army Col. Steve Warren, director of press operations at the Pentagon,
acknowledged NPR's findings and was quick to put distance between today's
military and the World War II experiments.
"The first thing to be very clear about is that the Department of Defense
does not conduct chemical weapons testing any longer," he says. "And I think
we have probably come as far as any institution in America on race. ... So I
think particularly for us in uniform, to hear and see something like this,
it's stark. It's even a little bit jarring."
NPR shared the findings of this investigation with Rep. Barbara Lee,
D-Calif., a member of the Congressional Black Caucus who sits on a House
subcommittee for veterans affairs. She points to similarities between these
tests and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, where U.S. government
scientists withheld treatment from black sharecroppers in Alabama to observe
the disease's progression.
"I'm angry. I'm very sad," Lee says. "I guess I shouldn't be shocked when
you look at the syphilis studies and all the other very terrible experiments
that have taken place as it relates to African-Americans and people of
color. But I guess I'm still shocked that, here we go again."
Lee says the U.S. government needs to recognize the men who were used as
test subjects while it can still reach some, who are now in their 80s and
90s.
"We owe them a huge debt, first of all. And I'm not sure how you repay such
a debt," she says.
Mustard gas damages DNA within seconds of making contact. It causes painful
skin blisters and burns, and it can lead to serious, and sometimes
life-threatening illnesses including leukemia, skin cancer, emphysema and
asthma.
In 1991, federal officials for the first time admitted that the military
conducted mustard gas experiments on enlisted men during World War II.
According to declassified records and reports published soon after, three
types of experiments were done: Patch tests, where liquid mustard gas was
applied directly onto test subjects' skin; field tests, where subjects were
exposed to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings; and chamber tests,
where men were locked inside gas chambers while mustard gas was piped
inside.
Even once the program was declassified, however, the race-based experiments
remained largely a secret until a researcher in Canada disclosed some of the
details in 2008. Susan Smith, a medical historian at the University of
Alberta in Canada, published an article in The Journal of Law, Medicine &
Ethics.
In it, she suggested that black and Puerto Rican troops were tested in
search of an "ideal chemical soldier." If they were more resistant, they
could be used on the front lines while white soldiers stayed back, protected
from the gas.
The article received little media attention at the time, and the Department
of Defense didn't respond.
Despite months of federal records requests, NPR still hasn't been given
access to hundreds of pages of documents related to the experiments, which
could provide confirmation of the motivations behind them. Much of what we
know about the experiments has been provided by the remaining living test
subjects.
Juan Lopez Negron, who's Puerto Rican, says he was involved in experiments
known as the San Jose Project.
Military documents show more than 100 experiments took place on the
Panamanian island, chosen for its climate, which is similar to islands in
the Pacific. Its main function, according to military documents obtained by
NPR, was to gather data on "the behavior of lethal chemical agents."
Lopez Negron, now 95 years old, says he and other test subjects were sent
out to the jungle and bombarded with mustard gas sprayed from U.S. military
planes flying overhead.
"We had uniforms on to protect ourselves, but the animals didn't," he says.
"There were rabbits. They all died."
Lopez Negron says he and the other soldiers were burned and felt sick almost
immediately.
"I spent three weeks in the hospital with a bad fever. Almost all of us got
sick," he says.
Edwards says that crawling through fields saturated with mustard gas day
after day as a young soldier took a toll on his body.
"It took all the skin off your hands. Your hands just rotted," he says. He
never refused or questioned the experiments as they were occurring. Defiance
was unthinkable, he says, especially for black soldiers.
"You do what they tell you to do and you ask no questions," he says.
Edwards constantly scratches at the skin on his arms and legs, which still
break out in rashes in the places he was burned by chemical weapons more
than 70 years ago.
During outbreaks, his skin falls off in flakes that pile up on the floor.
For years, he carried around a jar full of the flakes to try to convince
people of what he went through.
But while Edwards wanted people to know what happened to him, others - like
Louis Bessho - didn't like to talk about it.
His son, David Bessho, first learned about his father's participation as a
teenager. One evening, sitting in the living room, David Bessho asked his
dad about an Army commendation hanging on the wall. David Bessho, who's now
retired from the Army, says the award stood out from several others
displayed beside it.
"Generally, they're just kind of generic about doing a good job," he says.
"But this one was a bit unusual."
The commendation, presented by the Office of the Army's Chief of the
Chemical Warfare Service, says: "These men participated beyond the call of
duty by subjecting themselves to pain, discomfort, and possible permanent
injury for the advancement of research in protection of our armed forces."
Attached was a long list of names. Where Louis Bessho's name appears on Page
10, the list begins to take on a curious similarity. Names like Tanamachi,
Kawasaki, Higashi, Sasaki. More than three dozen Japanese-American names in
a row.
"They were interested in seeing if chemical weapons would have the same
effect on Japanese as they did on white people," Bessho says his father told
him that evening. "I guess they were contemplating having to use them on the
Japanese."
Documents that were released by the Department of Defense in the 1990s show
the military developed at least one secret plan to use mustard gas
offensively against the Japanese. The plan, which was approved by the Army's
highest chemical warfare officer, could have "easily kill[ed] 5 million
people."
Japanese-American, African-American and Puerto Rican troops were confined to
segregated units during World War II. They were considered less capable than
their white counterparts, and most were assigned jobs accordingly, such as
cooking and driving dump trucks.
Susan Matsumoto says her husband, Tom, who died in 2004 of pneumonia, told
his wife that he was OK with the testing because he felt it would help
"prove he was a good United States citizen."
Matsumoto remembers FBI agents coming to her family's home during the war,
forcing them to burn their Japanese books and music to prove their loyalty
to the U.S. Later, they were sent to live at an internment camp in Arkansas.
Matsumoto says her husband faced similar scrutiny in the military, but
despite that, he was a proud American.
"He always loved his country," Matsumoto says. "He said, 'Where else can you
find this kind of place where you have all this freedom?' "
Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.
These historical photographs depict the forearms of human test subjects
after being exposed to nitrogen mustard and lewisite agents in World War II
experiments conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.
(photo: Naval Research Laboratory)
http://www.npr.org/2015/06/22/415194765/u-s-troops-tested-by-race-in-secret-
world-war-ii-chemical-experimentshttp://www.npr.org/2015/06/22/415194765/u-s
-troops-tested-by-race-in-secret-world-war-ii-chemical-experiments
Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops by Race
By Caitlin Dickerson, NPR
23 June 15
s a young U.S. Army soldier during World War II, Rollins Edwards knew
better than to refuse an assignment.
When officers led him and a dozen others into a wooden gas chamber and
locked the door, he didn't complain. None of them did. Then, a mixture of
mustard gas and a similar agent called lewisite was piped inside.
"It felt like you were on fire," recalls Edwards, now 93 years old. "Guys
started screaming and hollering and trying to break out. And then some of
the guys fainted. And finally they opened the door and let us out, and the
guys were just, they were in bad shape."
Edwards was one of 60,000 enlisted men enrolled in a once-secret government
program - formally declassified in 1993 - to test mustard gas and other
chemical agents on American troops. But there was a specific reason he was
chosen: Edwards is African-American.
"They said we were being tested to see what effect these gases would have on
black skins," Edwards says.
An NPR investigation has found evidence that Edwards' experience was not
unique. While the Pentagon admitted decades ago that it used American troops
as test subjects in experiments with mustard gas, until now, officials have
never spoken about the tests that grouped subjects by race.
For the first time, NPR tracked down some of the men used in the race-based
experiments. And it wasn't just African-Americans. Japanese-Americans were
used as test subjects, serving as proxies for the enemy so scientists could
explore how mustard gas and other chemicals might affect Japanese troops.
Puerto Rican soldiers were also singled out.
White enlisted men were used as scientific control groups. Their reactions
were used to establish what was "normal," and then compared to the minority
troops.
All of the World War II experiments with mustard gas were done in secret and
weren't recorded on the subjects' official military records. Most do not
have proof of what they went through. They received no follow-up health care
or monitoring of any kind. And they were sworn to secrecy about the tests
under threat of dishonorable discharge and military prison time, leaving
some unable to receive adequate medical treatment for their injuries,
because they couldn't tell doctors what happened to them.
Army Col. Steve Warren, director of press operations at the Pentagon,
acknowledged NPR's findings and was quick to put distance between today's
military and the World War II experiments.
"The first thing to be very clear about is that the Department of Defense
does not conduct chemical weapons testing any longer," he says. "And I think
we have probably come as far as any institution in America on race. ... So I
think particularly for us in uniform, to hear and see something like this,
it's stark. It's even a little bit jarring."
NPR shared the findings of this investigation with Rep. Barbara Lee,
D-Calif., a member of the Congressional Black Caucus who sits on a House
subcommittee for veterans affairs. She points to similarities between these
tests and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, where U.S. government
scientists withheld treatment from black sharecroppers in Alabama to observe
the disease's progression.
"I'm angry. I'm very sad," Lee says. "I guess I shouldn't be shocked when
you look at the syphilis studies and all the other very terrible experiments
that have taken place as it relates to African-Americans and people of
color. But I guess I'm still shocked that, here we go again."
Lee says the U.S. government needs to recognize the men who were used as
test subjects while it can still reach some, who are now in their 80s and
90s.
"We owe them a huge debt, first of all. And I'm not sure how you repay such
a debt," she says.
Mustard gas damages DNA within seconds of making contact. It causes painful
skin blisters and burns, and it can lead to serious, and sometimes
life-threatening illnesses including leukemia, skin cancer, emphysema and
asthma.
In 1991, federal officials for the first time admitted that the military
conducted mustard gas experiments on enlisted men during World War II.
According to declassified records and reports published soon after, three
types of experiments were done: Patch tests, where liquid mustard gas was
applied directly onto test subjects' skin; field tests, where subjects were
exposed to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings; and chamber tests,
where men were locked inside gas chambers while mustard gas was piped
inside.
Even once the program was declassified, however, the race-based experiments
remained largely a secret until a researcher in Canada disclosed some of the
details in 2008. Susan Smith, a medical historian at the University of
Alberta in Canada, published an article in The Journal of Law, Medicine &
Ethics.
In it, she suggested that black and Puerto Rican troops were tested in
search of an "ideal chemical soldier." If they were more resistant, they
could be used on the front lines while white soldiers stayed back, protected
from the gas.
The article received little media attention at the time, and the Department
of Defense didn't respond.
Despite months of federal records requests, NPR still hasn't been given
access to hundreds of pages of documents related to the experiments, which
could provide confirmation of the motivations behind them. Much of what we
know about the experiments has been provided by the remaining living test
subjects.
Juan Lopez Negron, who's Puerto Rican, says he was involved in experiments
known as the San Jose Project.
Military documents show more than 100 experiments took place on the
Panamanian island, chosen for its climate, which is similar to islands in
the Pacific. Its main function, according to military documents obtained by
NPR, was to gather data on "the behavior of lethal chemical agents."
Lopez Negron, now 95 years old, says he and other test subjects were sent
out to the jungle and bombarded with mustard gas sprayed from U.S. military
planes flying overhead.
"We had uniforms on to protect ourselves, but the animals didn't," he says.
"There were rabbits. They all died."
Lopez Negron says he and the other soldiers were burned and felt sick almost
immediately.
"I spent three weeks in the hospital with a bad fever. Almost all of us got
sick," he says.
Edwards says that crawling through fields saturated with mustard gas day
after day as a young soldier took a toll on his body.
"It took all the skin off your hands. Your hands just rotted," he says. He
never refused or questioned the experiments as they were occurring. Defiance
was unthinkable, he says, especially for black soldiers.
"You do what they tell you to do and you ask no questions," he says.
Edwards constantly scratches at the skin on his arms and legs, which still
break out in rashes in the places he was burned by chemical weapons more
than 70 years ago.
During outbreaks, his skin falls off in flakes that pile up on the floor.
For years, he carried around a jar full of the flakes to try to convince
people of what he went through.
But while Edwards wanted people to know what happened to him, others - like
Louis Bessho - didn't like to talk about it.
His son, David Bessho, first learned about his father's participation as a
teenager. One evening, sitting in the living room, David Bessho asked his
dad about an Army commendation hanging on the wall. David Bessho, who's now
retired from the Army, says the award stood out from several others
displayed beside it.
"Generally, they're just kind of generic about doing a good job," he says.
"But this one was a bit unusual."
The commendation, presented by the Office of the Army's Chief of the
Chemical Warfare Service, says: "These men participated beyond the call of
duty by subjecting themselves to pain, discomfort, and possible permanent
injury for the advancement of research in protection of our armed forces."
Attached was a long list of names. Where Louis Bessho's name appears on Page
10, the list begins to take on a curious similarity. Names like Tanamachi,
Kawasaki, Higashi, Sasaki. More than three dozen Japanese-American names in
a row.
"They were interested in seeing if chemical weapons would have the same
effect on Japanese as they did on white people," Bessho says his father told
him that evening. "I guess they were contemplating having to use them on the
Japanese."
Documents that were released by the Department of Defense in the 1990s show
the military developed at least one secret plan to use mustard gas
offensively against the Japanese. The plan, which was approved by the Army's
highest chemical warfare officer, could have "easily kill[ed] 5 million
people."
Japanese-American, African-American and Puerto Rican troops were confined to
segregated units during World War II. They were considered less capable than
their white counterparts, and most were assigned jobs accordingly, such as
cooking and driving dump trucks.
Susan Matsumoto says her husband, Tom, who died in 2004 of pneumonia, told
his wife that he was OK with the testing because he felt it would help
"prove he was a good United States citizen."
Matsumoto remembers FBI agents coming to her family's home during the war,
forcing them to burn their Japanese books and music to prove their loyalty
to the U.S. Later, they were sent to live at an internment camp in Arkansas.
Matsumoto says her husband faced similar scrutiny in the military, but
despite that, he was a proud American.
"He always loved his country," Matsumoto says. "He said, 'Where else can you
find this kind of place where you have all this freedom?' "
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