Hi Damon, Yes, if it represented special layout. You could remember where things are on the screen and presumably just click them with some kind of routing keys. I like the idea. All the best Steve -----Original Message----- From: access-uk@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:access-uk@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Damon Sent: Saturday 15 August 2009 10:44 To: access-uk@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: [access-uk] Re: Braille displays get new life with artificial muscles would an entire screenful be useful? ----- Original Message ----- From: "Peter Beasley" <pjbeasley@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> To: <access-uk@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> Sent: Friday, August 14, 2009 8:49 PM Subject: [access-uk] Braille displays get new life with artificial muscles >> Braille Displays Get New Life With Artificial Muscles >> >> Research with tiny artificial muscles may yield a full-page active >> Braille >> system that can refresh >> automatically and come to life right beneath your fingertips. >> >> Yosi-Bar Cohen, a senior researcher at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory >> in >> Pasadena, Calif, >> was inspired during a business trip to Washington, D.C., where a >> convention >> for people with >> visual impairments was taking place. >> >> Bar-Cohen came up with an idea to create a "living Braille," a digital, >> refreshable Braille device >> using electroactive polymers, also known as artificial muscles. He wrote >> up >> a technology report >> and included information in a related book that he published. His >> writings >> inspired other >> scientists and engineers to create active displays using this technology, >> and prototypes are now >> under development around the world. >> >> "I hope that sometime in the future we will have Braille on an iPhone. >> It >> will be portable and >> able to project a picture of a neighborhood popping up in front of you in >> the form of raised dots," >> said Bar-Cohen. "A digital Braille operated by artificial muscles could >> provide for rapid >> information exchange, such as e-mail, text messaging and access to the >> web >> and other electronic >> databases or archives." >> >> According to the World Health Organization, about 314 million people are >> visually impaired >> worldwide; 45 million of them are blind. >> >> Recently, Bar-Cohen was contacted by the Center for Braille Innovation of >> the Boston-based >> National Braille Press to reach out to the Electroactive Polymer >> community >> and take advantage >> of his role in this field. The National Braille Press is a non-profit >> Braille printing and publishing >> house that promotes the literacy of blind children through Braille. >> >> Current Braille Display Technologies >> >> The challenge for creating an active Braille display is in packing many >> small dots into a tiny >> volume. >> >> Unlike hardcopy Braille, a refreshable display requires the raising and >> lowering of a large number >> of densely packed dots that allow a person to quickly read them. >> Currently, >> commercial active >> Braille devices are limited to a single line of characters. A full page >> of >> Braille typically has 25 >> lines of up to 40 characters per line. Characters are represented by six >> or >> eight dots per cell, >> arranged in two columns. To produce a page of refreshable Braille using >> electroactive polymers >> requires individually activating and controlling thousands of raiseable >> dots. >> >> Developing New Braille Technologies >> >> Some of the leading-edge work in Braille technology was developed at SRI >> in >> Menlo Park, Calif. >> Richard Heydt, a senior research engineer there who was involved in >> developing a prototype >> says, "The electroactive polymer technology seems to be a natural fit for >> Braille and tactile >> display applications." >> >> The Braille display developed at SRI is based on activating a type of >> polymer consisting of a thin >> sheet of acrylic that deforms in response to voltage applied across the >> film. The individual Braille >> dots are defined by a pattern on this film, and each dot is independently >> activated to produce the >> dot combinations for Braille letters and numbers. >> >> In currently available active refreshable Braille displays, each dot is a >> pin driven by a small motor >> or electromagnetic coil. In contrast, in the SRI display the actuators >> are >> defined regions on a >> single sheet of film. Thus, while each dot is raised or lowered by its >> own >> applied voltage, there >> are no motors, bulky actuators, or similar components. Since the system >> has >> far fewer discrete >> components for a Braille dot array, it would be potentially much lower in >> cost. >> >> "The contributions of the developers of electroactive materials to making >> a >> low-cost, active >> Braille display would significantly improve the life of many people with >> visual impairments, >> while advancing the field to benefit other applications" said Bar-Cohen. >> >> Looking for the 'Holy Braille' >> >> The Boston-based National Braille Press has recently established a Center >> for Braille Innovation. >> They're looking for the "Holy Braille," a full-page electronic Braille >> display, at a low cost. >> >> "We feel that the exciting field of electroactive polymer technology has >> matured to the point >> where it can provide real solutions for Braille displays. We welcome and >> encourage anyone who >> wants to take part in Braille innovation," said Noel H. Runyan, National >> Braille Press, Center for >> Braille Innovation >> >> In the spring of 2010, Bar-Cohen is including a special session on >> tactile >> displays at an SPIE >> conference. SPIE is the international society for optics and photonics. >> Tactile displays will be >> presented and possibly demonstrated at the conference. He hopes these >> baby >> steps may someday >> lead to a full-page Braille system that will allow people to feel and >> "see" >> the universe beneath >> their fingers. >> >> JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in >> Pasadena. > > > __________ Information from ESET NOD32 Antivirus, version of virus > signature database 4336 (20090814) __________ > > The message was checked by ESET NOD32 Antivirus. > > http://www.eset.com > > > > > ** To leave the list, click on the immediately-following link:- > ** [mailto:access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=unsubscribe] > ** If this link doesn't work then send a message to: > ** access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx > ** and in the Subject line type > ** unsubscribe > ** For other list commands such as vacation mode, click on the > ** immediately-following link:- > ** [mailto:access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=faq] > ** or send a message, to > ** access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the Subject:- faq > ** To leave the list, click on the immediately-following link:- ** [mailto:access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=unsubscribe] ** If this link doesn't work then send a message to: ** access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx ** and in the Subject line type ** unsubscribe ** For other list commands such as vacation mode, click on the ** immediately-following link:- ** [mailto:access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=faq] ** or send a message, to ** access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the Subject:- faq ** To leave the list, click on the immediately-following link:- ** [mailto:access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=unsubscribe] ** If this link doesn't work then send a message to: ** access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx ** and in the Subject line type ** unsubscribe ** For other list commands such as vacation mode, click on the ** immediately-following link:- ** [mailto:access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=faq] ** or send a message, to ** access-uk-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the Subject:- faq