Art While I would agree that most terrestrial data communications links are dominated by a large number of non-random processes that appear random when taken as a whole, I would take issue with your .0005 or 700-ft tall human analogy. There are structural limitations for humans. For electronics, the charge of an electron sets a practical lower floor for all events, but there is not an upper limit. You wouldn't argue against the near-Gaussian distribution of Johnson-Nyquist noise or the Poisson distribution of and Shot noise, or their impact on receiver and control loop design, would you? And if you want to see 100V noise spike outliers, just wait long enough and you'll eventually receive a nuclear particle event. It may not be truly random, since it was originally based on a deterministic cataclysmic nuclear process in a star, but it is for all practical purposes random. Scott Scott McMorrow Teraspeed Consulting Group LLC 121 North River Drive Narragansett, RI 02882 (401) 284-1827 Business (401) 284-1840 Fax http://www.teraspeed.com Teraspeed® is the registered service mark of Teraspeed Consulting Group LLC > ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List technical documents are available at: http://www.si-list.net List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu