----- Original Message ----- From: "mail1" <mail1@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
To: <pure-silver@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> Sent: Monday, February 18, 2008 9:45 AMSubject: [pure-silver] Re: 4X5 T-MAX 100; D76 (1:1); JOBO ROTARY
“The Film Developing Cookbook”, Chapter 5, Solvent Developers, explains the in and out of D76. A change in dilution changes PH which can affect the activity of Hydroquinone. With the 1 to1 dilution the sharpness of the grain increases due to decease of Sodium Sulfite. Changes in the gradation of the film will take place, and the dilution also increases a shouldering-off of
the highlights typical of compensation developers. Jonathan Ayers [mail1@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]I am afraid there is a lot in Anchell's book which is just nonsense. The hydroquinone in D-76 is nearly inactive at the pH of the developer. It acts mainly to regenerate the Metol. The capacity of the developer is greater with both reducing agents than with Metol alone but leaving out the hydroquinone has almost no effect on the development ability of the formula. Sulfite has a several effects in developers. Its main function is to preferentially absorb oxygen to prevent the oxidation of the reducing agents by atmospheric oxygen. It also acts to prevent staining from oxidation products of development. Sulfite also is a mild solvent of silver halide (not metallic silver). This affects grain because it changes the way the developing agents can access the halide crystals and also changes the way morphology of the developing silver. Another way sulfite affects grain is because of "salt effect" which is the prevention of emulsion swelling. Some grain is caused by migration of developing grains in softened emulsion to form "clumps". This effect is much reduced in modern films where the emulsions are quite hard. Diluting a developer has some effect partly because of the reduction of the relative strength of the sulfite and the time of exposure to the sulfite. The change in pH from dilution probably has little effect. Packaged D-76 is buffered. The original formula was found to increase in pH slowly due to a slow reaction between the sulfite and hydroquinone. This reaction produces some sodium hydroxide. Actually, it takes place in all developers containing hydroquinone and sulfite but is mostly masked in higher pH developers like Dektol. By using a buffer of borax and boric acid it is possible to prevent the slow rise in pH and maintain constant activity. The formula for buffered D-76 is:
Kodak D-76d Water (at 125F or 52C) 750.0 ml Metol 2.0 grams Sodium Sulfite, dessicated 100.0 grams Hydroquinone 5.0 grams Borax, granular 8.0 grams Boric acid, crystaline 8.0 grams Water to make 1.0 literThis formula has the same activity as the freshly mixed standard formula but does not change activity with storage.
There may be a small advantage in adding 0.5 gram/liter of potassium bromide to D-76 to eliminate the slight fogging characteristic of the developer when fresh.
--- Richard Knoppow Los Angeles, CA, USAdickburk@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
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