Attached is a free braille file from National Braille Press, founding.brf, containing the Declaration of Independence and related material. Hope it can be used for testing.
Jamal On 7/2/2011 6:20 PM, Littlefield, Tyler wrote:
It looks like I have this done a lot sooner. Do I just need to dump this in my edsharp directory to test? will someone send me a .brf file that I can try this out with to see if it does, indeed work? There were some asm functions (which were declared in the asm file), called sound, nosound and delay. I wasn't really sure what those did, so I just wrote c replacements. sound plays the beep (at a duration of 250 ms), nosound toggles a flag that is checked for beeps, and delay just calls sleep. I have a ton of warnings, but I'm aiming for this to just work on a 64-bit system. On 7/2/2011 3:25 PM, Littlefield, Tyler wrote:Hello all: Since this isn't something that is a huge issue to keep up to date beyond it just working on 64-bit systems, I removed the secure warnings, and started the conversions. There aren't to many issues I don't think so far, except the fact that a lot of the function calls (utime etc) are no longer in windows. I'm yanking the code with older functions and writing drop-in replacements to do exactly (hopefully) what the old functions do, so hopefully it will work with minimal modifications. I'll post later with progress and/or a working copy sometime this week.
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,>ticle ,,ii """"""""" #bi
,>ticle ,,iii """""""" #cf
,>ticle ,,iv """"""""" #ci
,>ticle ,v """"""""""" #da
,>ticle ,,vi """"""""" #db
,>ticle ,,vii """""""" #dc
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,am5d;t ,,iii """""""" #ej
,am5d;t ,,iv """"""""" #ea
,am5d;t ,v """"""""""" #ea
,am5d;t ,,vi """"""""" #eb
,am5d;t ,,vii """""""" #eb
,am5d;t ,,viii """"""" #ec
,am5d;t ,,ix """"""""" #ec
,am5d;t ,x """"""""""" #ec
,am5d;t ,,xi """"""""" #ed
,am5d;t ,,xii """""""" #ed
,am5d;t ,,xiii """"""" #eg
,am5d;t ,,xiv """""""" #eg
,am5d;t ,,xv """"""""" #fa
,am5d;t ,,xvi """""""" #fa
,am5d;t ,,xvii """"""" #fb
,am5d;t ,,xviii """""" #fc
,am5d;t ,,xix """""""" #fd
,am5d;t ,,xx """"""""" #fd
,am5d;t ,,xxi """""""" #fg
,am5d;t ,,xxii """"""" #fh
,am5d;t ,,xxiii """""" #fi
,am5d;t ,,xxiv """"""" #gj
,am5d;t ,,xxv """""""" #ga
,am5d;t ,,xxvi """"""" #gd
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op],n till 8 ,ass5t %d 2
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\r fronti]s1 ! m]ci.s ,9dian
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is ?us m>k$ 0e act : may def9e
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att5;ns 6\r ,britti% bre?r54
,we h w>n$ !m f "t 6"t (
attempts 0_! legislature
6ext5d an unw>ranta#
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!m (! circum/.es ( \r emigr,n
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usurp,ns1 :1 wd 9evitably
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,5emies 9 ,w>1 9 ,p1ce ,frs4
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,g5]al ,3gress1 ,assem#d1
app1l+ 6! ,supreme ,judge (!
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d1 9 ! ,"n1 & 0,au?or;y (! gd
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publi% & dcl1 ,t ^! ,unit$
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& ,9dep5d5t ,/ates1 !y h full
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"r d4 ,&=! support ( ?
,decl>,n1 )a firm reli.e on !
protec;n ( div9e ,provid;e1 we
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,lives1 \r ,=tunes & \r sacr$
,honor4
,! #ef signatures on !
,decl>,n appe> 9 ! posi;ns
9dicat$3
,7,column #a7' ,georgia3
,button ,gw9nett1 ,lyman
,hall1 ,george ,walton
,7,column #b7' ,nor?
,c>ol9a3 ,william ,hoop]1
,joseph ,hewes1 ,john ,p5n4
,s\? ,c>ol9a3 ,$w>d ,rutl$ge1
,?omas ,heyw>d1 ,jr41 ,?omas
,lyn*1 ,jr41 ,>?ur #AA
,mi4leton
,7,column #c7'
,massa*usetts31 ,john
,hancock4 ,m>yl&3 ,samuel
,*ase1 ,william ,paca1 ,?omas
,/"o1 ,*>les ,c>roll (
,c>rollton4 ,virg9ia3 ,george
,wy!1 ,ri*>d ,h5ry ,lee1
,?omas ,je6]son1 ,b5jam9
,h>rison1 ,?omas ,nelson1
,jr41 ,francis ,li<tfoot ,lee1
,c>t] ,braxton
,7,column #d7' ,p5nsylvania3
,rob]t ,morris1 ,b5jam9 ,ru%1
,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,john
,morton1 ,george ,clym]1
,james ,smi?1 ,george ,taylor1
,james ,wilson1 ,george ,ross4
,delaw>e3 ,caes> ,rodney1
,george ,r1d1 ,?omas ,mc,k1n
,7,column #e7' ,new ,york3
,william ,floyd1 ,philip
,liv+/on1 ,francis ,lewis1
,lewis ,morris4 ,new ,j]sey3
,ri*>d ,/ockton1 ,john
,)]spoon1 ,francis ,hopk9son1
,john ,h>t1 ,abraham ,cl>k
,7,column #f7' ,new
,hamp%ire3 ,josiah ,b>tlett1
,william ,:ipple4
,massa*usetts3 ,samuel ,adams1
,john ,adams1 ,rob]t ,tr1t
,pa9e1 ,elbridge ,g]ry4 ,rhode
,isl&3 ,/eph5 ,hopk9s1
,william ,ell]y4 ,3necticut3
,rog] ,%]man1 ,samuel
,hunt+ton1 ,william ,williams1
,oliv] ,wolcott4 ,new
,hamp%ire3 ,mat!w ,?ornton
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,ord] 6=m a m p]fect ,union1
e/abli% ,ju/ice1 9sure dome/ic
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def;e1 promote ! g5]al
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,lib]ty 6\rvs & \r ,po/];y1 d
orda9 & e/abli% ? ,3/itu;n =!
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4
,>ticle4 ,i4
,sec;n4 #a4 ,all legislative
,p[]s "h9 grant$ % 2 ve/$ 9 a
,3gress (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 : %
3si/ (a ,s5ate & ,h\se (
,repres5tatives4
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,repres5tatives % 2 -pos$ (
,memb]s *os5 e second ,ye> 0!
,p (! s"eal ,/ates1 &!
,electors 9 ea* ,/ate % h !
,qualific,ns requisite =
,electors (! mo/ num]\s ,bran*
(! ,/ate ,legislature4
,no ,p]son % 2 a
,repres5tative :o % n h atta9$
6! ,age ( tw5ty five ,ye>s1 &
be5 sev5 ,ye>s a ,citiz5 (!
,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o % n1 :5
elect$1 2 an ,9habitant ( t
,/ate 9 : he % 2 *os54
,7,repres5tatives & direct
,taxes % 2 appor;n$ am;g !
s"eal ,/ates : may 2 9clud$ )9
? ,union1 ac 6_! respective
,numb]s1 : % 2 det]m9$ 0a4+ 6!
:ole ,numb] ( free ,p]sons1
9clud+ ^? b.d 6,s]vice =a ,t]m
( ,ye>s1 & exclud+ ,9dians n
tax$1 ?ree fif?s ( all o!r
,p]sons47' 99 ,! actual
,enum],n % 2 made )9 ?ree
,ye>s af ! f/ ,meet+ (!
,3gress (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & )9
e subsequ5t ,t]m ( t5 ,ye>s1 9
s* ,mann] z !y % 0,law direct4
,! numb] ( ,repres5tatives % n
exce$ "o = e ?irty #AE
,?\s&1 b ea* ,/ate % h at ,l1/
"o ,repres5tative2 & until s*
enum],n % 2 made1 ! ,/ate (
,new ,hamp%ire % 2 5titl$
6*use ?ree1 ,massa*usetts
ei<t1 ,rhode-,isl& & ,provid;e
,plant,ns "o1 ,3necticut five1
,new-,york six1 ,new ,j]sey
f\r1 ,p5nsylvania ei<t1
,delaw>e "o1 ,m>yl& six1
,virg9ia t51 ,nor? ,c>ol9a
five1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a five1 &
,georgia ?ree4
99 ,*ang$ 0sec;n #b (!
,f\rte5? ,am5d;t4
,:5 vacancies happ5 9 !
,repres5t,n f any ,/ate1 !
,executive ,au?or;y "!( %
issue ,writs ( ,elec;n 6fill
s* ,vacancies4
,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %
*use _! ,sp1k] & o!r ,(fic]s2
& % h ! sole ,p[] ( ,imp1*;t4
,sec;n4 #c4 ,! ,s5ate (!
,unit$ ,/ates % 2 -pos$ ( two
,s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 ,7*os5
0! ,legislature "!(17' 99 =
six ,ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator % h
"o ,vote4
99 ,*ang$ 0! ,sev5te5?
,am5d;t4
,immly af !y % 2 assem#d 9
,3sequ;e (! f/ ,elec;n1 !y % 2
divid$ z equ,y z may 2 96?ree
,classes4 ,! ,s1ts (! ,s5ators
(! f/ ,class % 2 vacat$ at !
,expir,n (! second ,ye>1 (!
second ,class at ! ,expir,n (!
f\r? ,ye>1 &(! ?ird ,class at
! ,expir,n (! six? ,ye>1 s t
"o ?ird may 2 *os5 e second
,ye>2 ,7& if ,vacancies happ5
0,resign,n1 or o!rwise1 dur+ !
,recess (! ,legislature ( any
,/ate1 ! ,executive "!( may
make tempor>y ,appo9t;ts until
! next ,meet+ (! ,legislature1
: % !n fill s* ,vacancies47'
99
99 ,*ang$ 0! #AG
,sev5te5? ,am5d;t4
,no ,p]son % 2 a ,s5ator :o
% n h atta9$ 6! ,age ( ?irty
,ye>s1 & be5 n9e ,ye>s a
,citiz5 (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o
% n1 :5 elect$1 2 an
,9habitant ( t ,/ate = : he %
2 *os54
,! ,vice ,presid5t (! ,unit$
,/ates % 2 ,presid5t (!
,s5ate1 b % h no ,vote1 un.s
!y 2 equ,y divid$4
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,(fic]s1 & al a ,presid5t pro
tempore1 9 ! ,abs;e (! ,vice
,presid5t1 or :5 he % ex]cise
! ,(fice ( ,presid5t (! ,unit$
,/ates4
,! ,s5ate % h ! sole ,p[]
6try all ,imp1*;ts4 ,:5 sitt+
= t ,purpose1 !y % 2 on ,oa?
or ,a6irm,n4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t
(! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$1 !
,*ief ,ju/ice % preside3 ,& no
,p]son % 2 3vict$ )\t !
,3curr;e ( two ?irds (!
,memb]s pres5t4
,judg;t 9 ,cases ( ,imp1*;t
% n ext5d fur!r ?an 6removal f
,(fice1 & 4qualific,n 6hold &
5joy any ,(fice ( honor1 ,tru/
or ,pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates3
b ! ,"py 3vict$ % n"e!.s 2
lia# & subject 6,9dict;t1
,trial1 ,judg;t & ,puni%;t1 ac
6,law4
,sec;n4 #d4 ,! ,"ts1 ,places
& ,mann] ( hold+ ,elec;ns =
,s5ators & ,repres5tatives1 %
2 prescrib$ 9 ea* ,/ate 0!
,legislature "!(2 b ! ,3gress
may at any "t 0,law make or
alt] s* ,regul,ns1 except z 6!
,places ( *us+ ,s5ators4
,! ,3gress % assem# at l1/
once 9 e ,ye>1 & s* ,meet+ % 2
,7on ! f/ ,mon"d 9 ,decemb]17'
99 un.s !y % 0,law appo9t a
di6]5t ,"d4
99 ,*ang$ 0sec;n #AI
#b (! ,tw5tie? ,am5d;t4
,sec;n4 #e4 ,ea* ,h\se % 2 !
,judge (! ,elec;ns1 ,returns &
,qualific,ns ( xs [n ,memb]s1
&a ,major;y ( ea* % 3/itute a
,quorum 6d ,busi;s2 b a small]
,numb] may adj\rn f "d 6"d1 &
may 2 au?oriz$ 6-pel !
,att5d.e ( abs5t ,memb]s1 9 s*
,mann]1 & "u s* ,p5alties z
ea* ,h\se may provide4
,ea* ,h\se may det]m9e !
,rules ( xs ,proce$+s1 puni%
xs ,memb]s = 4ord]ly ,2havi\r1
&1 )! ,3curr;e ( two ?irds1
expel a ,memb]4
,ea* ,h\se % keep a ,j\rnal
( xs ,proce$+s1 & f "t 6"t
publi% ! same1 except+ s* ,"ps
z may 9 _! ,judg;t require
,secrecy2 &! ,y1s & ,nays (!
,memb]s ( ei ,h\se on any "q
%1 at ! ,desire ( "o fif? ( ^?
,pres5t1 2 5t]$ on ! ,j\rnal4
,nei ,h\se1 dur+ ! ,ses.n (
,3gress1 %1 )\t ! ,3s5t (!
o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree "ds1
nor 6any o!r ,place ?an t 9 :
! two ,h\ses % 2 sitt+4
,sec;n4 #f4 ,! ,s5ators &
,repres5tatives % rcv a
,-p5s,n = _! ,s]vices1 6be
asc]ta9$ 0,law1 & pd \ (!
,tr1sury (! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y
% 9 all ,cases1 except
,tr1son1 ,felony & ,br1* (!
,p1ce1 2 privileg$ f ,>re/
dur+ _! ,att5d.e at ! ,ses.n (
_! respective ,h\ses1 & 9 go+
6& return+ f ! same2 &= any
,spee* or ,debate 9 ei ,h\se1
!y % n 2 "q$ 9 any o!r ,place4
,no ,s5ator or
,repres5tative %1 dur+ ! ,"t =
: he 0 elect$1 2 appo9t$ 6any
civil ,(fice "u ! ,au?or;y (!
,unit$ ,/ates1 : % h be5
cr1t$1 or ! ,emolu;ts ":( % h
be5 5cr1s$ dur+ s* "t2 & no
,p]son hold+ any ,(fice #BA
"u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 % 2 a
,memb] ( ei ,h\se dur+ 8
,3t9u.e 9 ,(fice4
,sec;n4 #g4 ,all ,bills =
rais+ ,rev5ue % orig9ate 9 !
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 b !
,s5ate may propose or 3cur )
,am5d;ts z on o!r ,bills4
,e ,bill : % h pass$ ! ,h\se
( ,repres5tatives &! ,s5ate1
%1 2f x 2comes a ,law1 2
pres5t$ 6! ,presid5t (! ,unit$
,/ates2 ,if he approve he %
sign x1 b if n he % return x1
) 8 ,objec;ns 6t ,h\se 9 : x %
h orig9at$1 :o % 5t] !
,objec;ns at l>ge on _!
,j\rnal1 & proce$ 6reconsid]
x4 ,if af s* ,reconsid],n two
?irds ( t ,h\se % agree 6pass
! ,bill1 x % 2 s5t1 tgr )!
,objec;ns1 6! o!r ,h\se1 0: x
% likewise 2 reconsid]$1 & if
approv$ 0two ?irds ( t ,h\se1
x % 2come a ,law4 ,b 9 all s*
,cases ! ,votes ( bo? ,h\ses %
2 det]m9$ 0y1s & ,nays1 &!
,"ns (! ,p]sons vot+ =& ag/ !
,bill % 2 5t]$ on ! ,j\rnal (
ea* ,h\se respectively4 ,if
any ,bill % n 2 return$ 0!
,presid5t )9 t5 ,"ds 7,sun"ds
except$7 af x % h be5 pres5t$
6hm1 ! ,same % 2 a ,law1 9 l
,mann] z if he _h sign$ x1
un.s ! ,3gress 0_! ,adj\rn;t
prev5t xs ,return1 9 : ,case x
% n 2 a ,law4
,e ,ord]1 ,resolu;n1 or
,vote 6: ! ,3curr;e (! ,s5ate
& ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may
2 nec 7except on a "q (
,adj\rn;t7 % 2 pres5t$ 6!
,presid5t (! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &
2f ! ,same % take ,e6ect1 % 2
approv$ 0hm1 or 2+ 4approv$
0hm1 % 2 repass$ 0two ?irds (!
,s5ate & ,h\se (
,repres5tatives1 ac 6! ,rules
& ,limit,ns prescrib$ 9 #BC
! ,case (a ,bill4
,sec;n4 #h4 ,! ,3gress % h
,p[] 6lay & collect ,taxes1
,duties1 ,impo/s & ,excises1
6pay ! ,debts & provide =!
-mon ,def;e & g5]al ,welf>e (!
,unit$ ,/ates2 b all ,duties1
,impo/s & ,excises % 2 uni=m
"?\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2
,6borr[ ,m"oy on ! cr$it (!
,unit$ ,/ates2
,6regulate ,-m]ce ) =eign
,n,ns1 & am;g ! s"eal ,/ates1
&)! ,9dian ,tribes2
,6e/abli% an uni=m ,rule (
,naturaliz,n1 & uni=m ,laws on
! subject ( ,bankruptcies "?\t
! ,unit$ ,/ates2
,6co9 ,m"oy1 regulate !
,value "!(1 &( =eign ,co91 &
fix ! ,/&>d ( ,wei<ts &
,m1sures2
,6provide =! ,puni%;t (
c.t]feit+ ! ,securities &
curr5t ,co9 (! ,unit$ ,/ates2
,6e/abli% ,po/ ,(fices & po/
,roads2
,6promote ! ,progress (
,sci;e & use;l ,>ts1 0secur+ =
limit$ ,"ts 6,au?ors &
,9v5tors ! exclusive ,"r 6_!
respective ,writ+s &
,4cov]ies2
,63/itute ,tribunals 9f]ior
6! supreme ,c\rt2
,6def9e & puni% ,piracies &
,felonies -mitt$ on ! hi<
,s1s1 & ,(f5ses ag/ ! ,law (
,n,ns2
,6dcl ,w>1 grant ,lrs (
,m>que & ,reprisal1 & make
,rules 3c]n+ ,captures on ,l&
& ,wat]2
,6raise & support ,>mies1 b
no ,appropri,n ( ,m"oy 6t ,use
% 2 =a l;g] ,t]m ?an two
,ye>s2
,6provide & ma9ta9 a ,navy2
,6make ,rules =! ,gov]n;t &
,regul,n (! l& & naval #BE
,=ces2
,6provide = call+ =? !
,militia 6execute ! ,laws (!
,union1 suppress ,9surrec;ns &
repel ,9va.ns2
,6provide = organiz+1 >m+1 &
4cipl9+1 ! ,militia1 &= gov]n+
s* ,"p ( !m z may 2 employ$ 9
! ,s]vice (! ,unit$ ,/ates1
res]v+ 6! ,/ates respectively1
! ,appo9t;t (! ,(fic]s1 &!
,au?or;y ( tra9+ ! ,militia ac
6! 4cipl9e prescrib$ 0,3gress2
,6ex]cise exclusive
,legisl,n 9 all ,cases
:atso"e1 ov] s* ,4trict 7n
exce$+ t5 ,miles squ>e7 z may1
0,ces.n ( "picul> ,/ates1 &!
,a3ept.e ( ,3gress1 2come !
,s1t (! ,gov]n;t (! ,unit$
,/ates1 & 6ex]cise l ,au?or;y
ov] all ,places pur*as$ 0!
,3s5t (! ,legislature (! ,/ate
9 : ! ,same % be1 =! ,erec;n (
,=ts1 ,magaz9es1 ,>s5als1
dock-,y>ds & o!r ne$;l
,build+s2--,&
,6make all ,laws : % 2 nec &
prop] = c>ry+ 96,execu;n !
=ego+ ,p[]s1 & all o!r ,p[]s
ve/$ 0? ,3/itu;n 9 ! ,gov]n;t
(! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any
,de"p;t or ,(fic] "!(4
,sec;n4 #i4 ,! ,migr,n or
,import,n ( s* ,p]sons z any
(! ,/ates n[ exi/+ % ?9k prop]
6admit1 % n 2 prohibit$ 0!
,3gress prior 6! ,ye> "o ?\s&
ei<t hundr$ & ei<t1 b a ,tax
or duty may 2 impos$ on s*
,import,n1 n exce$+ t5 doll>s
= ea* ,p]son4
,! ,privilege (! ,writ (
,hab1s ,corpus % n 2 susp5d$1
un.s :5 9 ,cases ( ,rebellion
or ,9va.n ! public ,safety may
require x4
,no ,bill ( ,atta9d] or ex
po/ facto ,law % 2 pass$4
,no ,capit,n1 or o!r #BG
direct1 ,tax % 2 laid1 un.s 9
,propor;n 6! ,c5sus or
,enum],n "h9 2f direct$ 6be
tak54
,no ,tax or ,duty % 2 laid
on ,>ticles export$ f any
,/ate4
,no ,pref];e % 2 giv5 0any
,regul,n ( ,-m]ce or ,rev5ue
6! ,ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? (
ano!r3 nor % ,vessels b.d to1
or f1 "o ,/ate1 2 oblig$ 65t]1
cle>1 or pay ,duties 9 ano!r4
,no ,m"oy % 2 drawn f !
,tr1sury1 b 9 ,3sequ;e (
,appropri,ns made 0,law2 &a
regul> ,/ate;t & ,a3.t (!
,receipts & ,exp5ditures ( all
public ,m"oy % 2 publi%$ f "t
6"t4
,no ,title ( ,nobil;y % 2
grant$ 0! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,& no
,p]son hold+ any ,(fice (
,pr(it or ,tru/ "u !m1 %1 )\t
! ,3s5t (! ,3gress1 a3ept (
any pres5t1 ,emolu;t1 ,(fice1
or ,title1 ( any k9d :at"e1 f
any ,k+1 ,pr9ce1 or =eign
,/ate4
,sec;n4 #aj4 ,no ,/ate % 5t]
96any ,tr1ty1 ,alli.e1 or
,3f$],n2 grant ,lrs ( ,m>que &
,reprisal2 co9 ,m"oy2 emit
,bills ( ,cr$it2 make any ,?+
b gold & silv] ,co9 a ,t5d] 9
,pay;t ( ,debts2 pass any
,bill ( ,atta9d]1 ex po/ facto
,law1 or ,law impair+ !
,oblig,n ( ,3tracts1 or grant
any ,title ( ,nobil;y4
,no ,/ate %1 )\t ! ,3s5t (!
,3gress1 lay any ,impo/s or
,duties on ,imports or
,exports1 except :at may 2
absolutely nec = execut+ x's
9spec;n ,laws3 &! net ,produce
( all ,duties & ,impo/s1 laid
0any ,/ate on ,imports or
,exports1 % 2 =! ,use (!
,tr1sury (! ,unit$ #BI
,/ates2 & all s* ,laws % 2
subject 6! ,revi.n & ,3tr\l (!
,3gress4
,no ,/ate %1 )\t ! ,3s5t (
,3gress1 lay any ,duty (
,tonnage1 keep ,troops1 or
,%ips ( ,w> 9 "t ( ,p1ce1 5t]
96any ,agree;t or ,-pact )
ano!r ,/ate1 or )a =eign ,p[]1
or 5gage 9 ,w>1 un.s actu,y
9vad$1 or 9 s* imm95t ,dang] z
w n admit ( delay4
,>ticle4 ,,ii4
,sec;n4 #a4 ,! executive
,p[] % 2 ve/$ 9 a ,presid5t (!
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,he %
hold 8 ,(fice dur+ ! ,t]m (
f\r ,ye>s1 &1 tgr )! ,vice
,presid5t1 *os5 =! same ,t]m1
2 elect$1 z foll[s
,ea* ,/ate % appo9t1 9 s*
,mann] z ! ,legislature "!(
may direct1 a ,numb] (
,electors1 equal 6! :ole
,numb] ( ,s5ators &
,repres5tatives 6: ! ,/ate may
2 5titl$ 9 ! ,3gress3 b no
,s5ator or ,repres5tative1 or
,p]son hold+ an ,(fice ( ,tru/
or ,pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
% 2 appo9t$ an ,elector4
,7,! ,electors % meet 9 _!
respective ,/ates1 & vote
0,ballot = two ,p]sons1 ( :om
"o at l1/ % n 2 an ,9habitant
(! same ,/ate ) !mvs4 ,& !y %
make a ,li/ ( all ! ,p]sons
vot$ =1 &(! ,numb] ( ,votes =
ea*2 : ,li/ !y % sign &
c]tify1 & transmit s1l$ 6!
,s1t (! ,gov]n;t (! ,unit$
,/ates1 direct$ 6! ,presid5t
(! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t (!
,s5ate %1 9 ! ,pres;e (!
,s5ate & ,h\se (
,repres5tatives1 op5 all !
,c]tificates1 &! ,votes % !n 2
c.t$4 ,! ,p]son hav+ ! grte/
,numb] ( ,votes % 2 ! #CA
,presid5t1 if s* ,numb] 2 a
,major;y (! :ole ,numb] (
,electors appo9t$2 & if "! 2 m
?an "o :o h s* ,major;y1 & h
an equal ,numb] ( ,votes1 !n !
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %
immly *use 0,ballot "o ( !m =
,presid5t2 & if no ,p]son h a
,major;y1 !n f ! five hi<e/ on
! ,li/ ! sd ,h\se % 9 l ,mann]
*use ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *us+ !
,presid5t1 ! ,votes % 2 tak5
0,/ates1 ! ,repres5t,n f ea*
,/ate hav+ "o ,vote2 ,a quorum
= ? ,purpose % 3si/ (a ,memb]
or ,memb]s f two ?irds (!
,/ates1 &a ,major;y ( all !
,/ates % 2 nec 6a ,*oice4 ,9 e
,case1 af ! ,*oice (!
,presid5t1 ! ,p]son hav+ !
grte/ ,numb] ( ,votes (!
,electors % 2 ! ,vice
,presid5t4 ,b if "! %d rema9
two or m :o h equal ,votes1 !
,s5ate % *use f !m 0,ballot !
,vice ,presid5t47' 99
99 ,sup]s$$ 0! ,twelf?
,am5d;t4
,! ,3gress may det]m9e ! ,"t
( *us+ ! ,electors1 &! ,"d on
: !y % give _! ,votes2 : ,"d %
2 ! same "?\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
,no ,p]son except a natural
born ,citiz51 or a ,citiz5 (!
,unit$ ,/ates1 at ! "t (!
,adop;n ( ? ,3/itu;n1 % 2
eligi# 6! ,(fice (! ,presid5t2
nei % any p]son 2 eligi# 6t
,(fice :o % n h atta9$ 6! ,age
( ?irty five ,ye>s1 & be5
f\rte5 ,ye>s a ,resid5t )9 !
,unit$ ,/ates4
,7,in ,case (! ,removal (!
,presid5t f ,(fice1 or ( 8
,d1?1 ,resign,n1 or ,9abil;y
64*>ge ! ,p[]s & ,duties (! sd
,(fice1 ! ,same % devolve on !
,vice ,presid5t1 &! ,3gress
may 0,law provide =! ,case (
,removal1 ,d1?1 #CC
,resign,n or ,9abil;y1 bo? (!
,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1
dclg :at ,(fic] % !n act z
,presid5t1 & s* ,(fic] % act
acly1 until ! ,4abil;y 2
remov$1 or a ,presid5t % 2
elect$47' 99
99 ,modifi$ 0!
,tw5ty-,fif? ,am5d;t4
,! ,presid5t %1 at /at$
,"ts1 rcv = 8 ,s]vices1 a
,-p5s,n1 : % nei 2 9cr1s$ nor
dim9i%$ dur+ ! ,p]iod = : he %
h be5 elect$1 & he % n rcv )9
t ,p]iod any o!r ,emolu;t f !
,unit$ ,/ates1 or any ( !m4
,2f he 5t] on ! ,execu;n ( 8
,(fice1 he % take ! foll[+
,oa? or ,a6irm,n3--8,i d
solemnly swe> 7or a6irm7 t ,i
w fai?;lly execute ! ,(fice (
,presid5t (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &
w 6! be/ ( my ,abil;y1
pres]ve1 protect & def5d !
,3/itu;n (! ,unit$ ,/ates40
,sec;n4 #b4 ,! ,presid5t % 2
,-m&] 9 ,*ief (! ,>my & ,navy
(! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &(! ,militia
(! s"eal ,/ates1 :5 call$ 96!
actual ,s]vice (! ,unit$
,/ates2 he may require !
,op9ion1 9 writ+1 (! pr9cipal
,(fic] 9 ea* (! executive
,de"p;ts1 ^u any ,subject
relat+ 6! ,duties ( _!
respective ,(fices1 & he % h
,p[] 6grant ,reprieves &
,p>dons = ,(f5ses ag/ ! ,unit$
,/ates1 except 9 ,cases (
,imp1*;t4
,he % h ,p[]1 0&)! ,advice &
,3s5t (! ,s5ate1 6make
,tr1ties1 provid$ two ?irds (!
,s5ators pres5t 3cur2 & he %
nom9ate1 & 0&)! ,advice &
,3s5t (! ,s5ate1 % appo9t
,ambassadors1 o!r public
,m9i/]s & ,3suls1 ,judges (!
supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r
,(fic]s (! ,unit$ #CE
,/ates1 ^: ,appo9t;ts >e n "h9
o!rwise provid$ =1 & : % 2
e/abli%$ 0,law3 b ! ,3gress
may 0,law ve/ ! ,appo9t;t ( s*
9f]ior ,(fic]s1 z !y ?9k
prop]1 9 ! ,presid5t al"o1 9 !
,c\rts ( ,law1 or 9 ! ,h1ds (
,de"p;ts4
,! ,presid5t % h ,p[] 6fill
up all ,vacancies t may happ5
dur+ ! ,recess (! ,s5ate1
0grant+ ,-mis.ns : % expire at
! ,5d ( _! next ,ses.n4
,sec;n4 #c4 ,he % f "t 6"t
give 6! ,3gress ,9=m,n (!
,/ate (! ,union1 & recomm5d
6_! ,3sid],n s* ,m1sures z he
% judge nec & exp$i5t2 he may1
on extraord9>y ,o3a.ns1 3v5e
bo? ,h\ses1 or ei ( !m1 & 9
,case ( ,4agree;t 2t !m1 )
,respect 6! ,"t ( ,adj\rn;t1
he may adj\rn !m 6s* ,"t z he
% ?9k prop]2 he % rcv
,ambassadors & o!r public
,m9i/]s2 he % take ,c>e t !
,laws 2 fai?;lly execut$1 & %
,-mis.n all ! ,(fic]s (!
,unit$ ,/ates4
,sec;n4 #d4 ,! ,presid5t1
,vice ,presid5t & all civil
,(fic]s (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 % 2
remov$ f ,(fice on ,imp1*;t =1
& ,3vic;n (1 ,tr1son1 ,brib]y1
or o!r hi< ,crimes &
,misdem1nors4
,>ticle4 ,,iii4
,sec;n4 #a4 ,! judicial ,p[]
(! ,unit$ ,/ates1 % 2 ve/$ 9
"o supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 s*
9f]ior ,c\rts z ! ,3gress may
f "t 6"t orda9 & e/abli%4 ,!
,judges1 bo? (! supreme &
9f]ior ,c\rts1 % hold _!
,(fices dur+ gd ,2havi\r1 & %1
at /at$ ,"ts1 rcv = _!
,s]vices1 a ,-p5s,n1 : % n 2
dim9i%$ dur+ _! ,3t9u.e 9
,(fice4 #CG
,sec;n4 #b4 ,! judicial ,p[]
% ext5d 6all ,cases1 9 ,law &
,equ;y1 >is+ "u ? ,3/itu;n1 !
,laws (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &
,tr1ties made1 or : % 2 made1
"u _! ,au?or;y2--6all ,cases
a6ect+ ,ambassadors1 o!r
public ,m9i/]s & ,3suls2--6all
,cases ( admiralty & m>i"t
,jurisdic;n2--6,3trov]sies 6:
! ,unit$ ,/ates % 2 a ,"py2--
6,3trov]sies 2t two or m
,/ates2 2t a ,/ate & ,citiz5s
( ano!r ,/ate2--2t ,citiz5s (
di6]5t ,/ates--2t ,citiz5s (!
same ,/ate claim+ ,l&s "u
,grants ( di6]5t ,/ates1 & 2t
a ,/ate1 or ! ,citiz5s "!(1 &
=eign ,/ates1 ,citiz5s or
,subjects4
,9 all ,cases a6ect+
,ambassadors1 o!r public
,m9i/]s & ,3suls1 & ^? 9 : a
,/ate % 2 ,"py1 ! supreme
,c\rt % h orig9al ,jurisdic;n4
,9 all ! o!r ,cases 2f m5;n$1
! supreme ,c\rt % h appellate
,jurisdic;n1 bo? z 6,law &
,fact1 ) s* ,excep;ns1 & "u s*
,regul,ns z ! ,3gress % make4
,! ,trial ( all ,crimes1
except 9 ,cases ( ,imp1*;t2 %
2 0,jury2 & s* ,trial % 2 held
9 ! ,/ate ": ! sd ,crimes % h
be5 -mitt$2 b :5 n -mitt$ )9
any ,/ate1 ! ,trial % 2 at s*
,place or ,places z ! ,3gress
may 0,law h direct$4
,sec;n4 #c4 ,tr1son ag/ !
,unit$ ,/ates1 % 3si/ only 9
levy+ ,w> ag/ !m1 or 9 adh]+
6_! ,5emies1 giv+ !m ,aid &
,-=t4 ,no ,p]son % 2 3vict$ (
,tr1son un.s on ! ,te/imony (
two ,wit;ses 6! same ov]t
,act1 or on ,3fes.n 9 op5
,c\rt4
,! ,3gress % h ,p[] 6dcl !
,puni%;t ( ,tr1son1 b no
,atta9d] ( ,tr1son % "w #CI
,corrup;n ( ,blood1 or
,=feiture except dur+ ! ,life
(! ,p]son atta9$4
,>ticle4 ,,iv4
,sec;n4 #a4 ,full ,fai? &
,cr$it % 2 giv5 9 ea* ,/ate 6!
public ,acts1 ,records1 &
judicial ,proce$+s ( e o!r
,/ate2 ,&! ,3gress may 0g5]al
,laws prescribe ! ,mann] 9 :
s* ,acts1 ,records & ,proce$+s
% 2 prov$1 &! ,e6ect "!(4
,sec;n4 #b4 ,! ,citiz5s (
ea* ,/ate % 2 5titl$ 6all
,privileges & ,immunities (
,citiz5s 9 ! s"eal ,/ates4
,a ,p]son *>g$ 9 any ,/ate )
,tr1son1 ,felony1 or o!r
,crime1 :o % flee f ,ju/ice1 &
2 f.d 9 ano!r ,/ate1 % on
,dem& (! executive ,au?or;y (!
,/ate f : he fl$1 2 deliv]$
up1 6be remov$ 6! ,/ate hav+
,jurisdic;n (! ,crime4
,7,no ,p]son held 6,s]vice
or ,lab\r 9 "o ,/ate1 "u !
,laws "!(1 escap+ 96ano!r1 %1
9 ,3sequ;e ( any ,law or
,regul,n "!91 2 4*>g$ f s*
,s]vice or ,lab\r1 b % 2
deliv]$ up on ,claim (! ,"py
6:om s* ,s]vice or ,lab\r may
2 due47' 99
99 ,sup]s$$ 0! ,?irte5?
,am5d;t4
,sec;n4 #c4 ,new ,/ates may
2 admitt$ 0! ,3gress 96?
,union2 b no new ,/ate % 2 =m$
or erect$ )9 ! ,jurisdic;n (
any o!r ,/ate2 nor any ,/ate 2
=m$ 0! ,junc;n ( two or m
,/ates1 or ,"ps ( ,/ates1 )\t
! ,3s5t (! ,legislatures (!
,/ates 3c]n$ z well z (!
,3gress4
,! ,3gress % h ,p[] 64pose
(& make all ne$;l ,rules &
,regul,ns respect+ ! ,t]ritory
or o!r ,prop]ty 2l;g+ 6! #DA
,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?
,3/itu;n % 2 s 3/ru$ z
6,prejudice any ,claims (!
,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( any
"picul> ,/ate4
,sec;n4 #d4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates
% gu>antee 6e ,/ate 9 ? ,union
a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]n;t1
& % protect ea* ( !m ag/
,9va.n2 & on ,applic,n (!
,legislature1 or (! ,executive
7:5 ! ,legislature _c 2 3v5$7
ag/ dome/ic ,viol;e4
,>ticle4 ,v4
,! ,3gress1 :5"e two ?irds (
bo? ,h\ses % deem x nec1 %
propose ,am5d;ts 6? ,3/itu;n1
or1 on ! ,applic,n (!
,legislatures ( two ?irds (!
s"eal ,/ates1 % call a ,3v5;n
= propos+ ,am5d;ts1 :1 9 ei
,case1 % 2 valid 6all ,9t5ts &
,purposes1 z ,"p ( ? ,3/itu;n1
:5 ratifi$ 0! ,legislatures (
?ree f\r?s (! s"eal ,/ates1 or
0,3v5;ns 9 ?ree f\r?s "!(1 z !
"o or ! o!r ,mode ( ,ratific,n
may 2 propos$ 0! ,3gress2
,provid$ t no ,am5d;t : may 2
made prior 6! ,ye> ,"o ?\s&
ei<t hundr$ & ei<t % 9 any
,mann] a6ect ! f/ & f\r?
,clauses 9 ! ,n9? ,sec;n (! f/
,>ticle2 & t no ,/ate1 )\t xs
,3s5t1 % 2 depriv$ ( x's equal
,su6rage 9 ! ,s5ate4
,>ticle4 ,,vi4
,all ,debts 3tract$ &
,5gage;ts 5t]$ 9to1 2f !
,adop;n ( ? ,3/itu;n1 % 2 z
valid ag/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?
,3/itu;n1 z "u ! ,3f$],n4
,? ,3/itu;n1 &! ,laws (!
,unit$ ,/ates : % 2 made 9
,pursu.e "!(2 & all ,tr1ties
made1 or : % 2 made1 "u !
,au?or;y (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 % 2
! supreme ,law (! ,l&2 #DC
&! ,judges 9 e ,/ate % 2 b.d
"!by1 any ,?+ 9 ! ,3/itu;n or
,laws ( any ,/ate 6! ,3tr>y
not)/&+4
,! ,s5ators &
,repres5tatives 2f m5;n$1 &!
,memb]s (! s"eal ,/ate
,legislatures1 & all executive
& judicial ,(fic]s1 bo? (!
,unit$ ,/ates &(! s"eal
,/ates1 % 2 b.d 0,oa? or
,a6irm,n1 6support ? ,3/itu;n2
b no religi\s ,te/ % "e 2
requir$ z a ,qualific,n 6any
,(fice or public ,tru/ "u !
,unit$ ,/ates4
,>ticle4 ,,vii4
,! ,ratific,n (! ,3v5;ns (
n9e ,/ates1 % 2 su6ici5t =!
,e/abli%;t ( ? ,3/itu;n 2t !
,/ates s ratify+ ! ,same4
,d"o 9 ,3v5;n 0! ,unanim\s
,3s5t (! ,/ates pres5t !
,sev5te5? ,"d ( ,septemb] 9 !
,ye> ( \r ,"l "o ?\s& sev5
hundr$ & ,ei<ty sev5 &(!
,9dep5d;e (! ,unit$ ,/ates (
,am]ica ! ,twelf? ,9 ,wit;s
":( ,we h "hunto subscrib$ \r
,"ns1
,go4 ,wa%+ton--,presidt4
& deputy f ,virg9ia
,new ,hamp%ire
,john ,langdon
,ni*olas ,gilman
,massa*usetts
,na?aniel ,gorham
,rufus ,k+
,3necticut
,wm4 ,saml4 ,johnson
,rog] ,%]man
,new ,york
,alex&] ,hamilton
,new ,j]sey #DE
,wil3 ,liv+/on
,david ,bre>ley
,wm4 ,pat]son
,jona3 ,"dton
,p5nsylvania
;,b ,frankl9
,?omas ,mi6l9
,robt ,morris
,geo4 ,clym]
,?os4 ,fitz,simons
,j>$ ,9g]soll
,james ,wilson
,g\v ,morris
,delaw>e
,geo3 ,r1d
,gunn+ ,b$=d jun
,john ,dick9son
,ri*>d ,bassett
,jaco3 ,broom
,m>yl&
,james ,mc,h5ry
,dan ( ,st ,?os4
,j5if]
,danl ,c>roll
,virg9ia
,john ,blair
,james ,madison ,jr4
,nor? ,c>ol9a
,wm4 ,bl.t
,ri*d4 ,do2s ,spai<t
,hu ,williamson
,s\? ,c>ol9a
,j4 ,rutl$ge
,*>les ,coteswor? ,p9ckney
,*>les ,p9ckney
,pi]ce ,butl]
,georgia
,william ,few
,abr ,baldw9
,atte/ ,william ,jackson
,secret>y #DG
,9 ,3v5;n ,mon"d
,septemb] #ag? #aghg4
,pres5t
,! ,/ates ,(
,new ,hamp%ire1
,massa*ussets1 ,3necticut1
,mr4 ,hamilton f ,new ,york1
,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1
,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1
,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a &
,georgia4
,resolv$1
,t ! prece$+ ,3/itu;n 2 laid
2f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,3gress
assem#d1 & t x is ! ,op9ion (
? ,3v5;n1 t x %d afws 2
submitt$ 6a ,3v5;n (
,delegates1 *os5 9 ea* ,/ate
0! ,p "!(1 "u ! ,recomm5d,n (
xs ,legislature1 = _! ,ass5t &
,ratific,n2 & t ea* ,3v5;n
ass5t+ to1 & ratify+ ! ,same1
%d give ,notice "!( 6! ,unit$
,/ates 9 ,3gress assem#d4
,resolv$1 ,t x is ! ,op9ion (
? ,3v5;n1 t z soon z ! ,3v5;ns
( n9e ,/ates % h ratifi$ ?
,3/itu;n1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9
,3gress assem#d %d fix a ,"d
on : ,electors %d 2 appo9t$ 0!
,/ates : % h ratifi$ ! same1
&a ,"d on : ! ,electors %d
assem# 6vote =! ,presid5t1 &!
,"t & ,place = -m5c+ ,proce$+s
"u ? ,3/itu;n4
,t af s* ,public,n !
,electors %d 2 appo9t$1 &!
,s5ators & ,repres5tatives
elect$3 ,t ! ,electors %d meet
on ! ,"d fix$ =! ,elec;n (!
,presid5t1 & %d transmit _!
,votes c]tifi$1 sign$1 s1l$ &
direct$1 z ! ,3/itu;n
requires1 6! ,secret>y (!
,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,3gress
assem#d1 t ! ,s5ators &
,repres5tatives %d 3v5e at !
,"t & ,place assign$2 t #DI
! ,s5ators %d appo9t a
,presid5t (! ,s5ate1 =! sole
,purpose ( rcvg1 op5+ & c.t+ !
,votes = ,presid5t2 &1 t af he
% 2 *os51 ! ,3gress1 tgr )!
,presid5t1 %d1 )\t ,delay1
proce$ 6execute ? ,3/itu;n4
,0! unanim\s ,ord] (! ,3v5;n
,go4 ,,wa%+ton--
,presidt
,w4 ,,jackson ,secret>y4
,,am5d;ts ,,6,,!
,,3/itu;n ,,( ,,!
,,unit$ ,,/ates
,,( ,,am]ica
,,>ticles ,,9 ,,a4i;n ,,to1
,,& ,,am5d;t ,,(1 ,,!
,,3/itu;n ,,( ,,! ,,unit$
,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica1
,,propos$ ,,0,,3gress1 ,,&
,,ratifi$ ,,0,,! ,,s"eal
,,/ates1 ,,pursuant ,,6,,!
,,fif? ,,>ticle ,,( ,,!
,,orig9al ,,3/itu;n4
,am5d;t ,i4 99
,3gress % make no law
respect+ an e/abli%;t (
religion1 or prohibit+ ! free
ex]cise "!(2 or abridg+ !
freedom ( spee*1 or (! press1
or ! "r (! p p1ceably 6assem#1
& 6peti;n ! ,gov]n;t =a
redress ( griev.es4
99 ,! f/ t5 ,am5d;ts
7,bill ( ,"rs7 7 ratifi$
e6ective ,decemb] #ae1
#agia4
,am5d;t ,,ii4
,a well regulat$ ,militia1
2+ nec 6! secur;y (a free
,/ate1 ! "r (! p 6keep & be>
,>ms1 % n 2 9fr+$4
,am5d;t ,,iii4
,no ,soldi] %1 9 "t ( p1ce 2
qu>t]$ 9 any h\se1 )\t ! 3s5t
(! ,[n]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 #EA
b 9 a mann] 6be prescrib$
0law4
,am5d;t ,,iv4
,! "r (! p 6be secure 9 _!
p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 &
e6ects1 ag/ unr1sona# se>*es &
seizures1 % n 2 violat$1 & no
,w>rants % issue1 b ^u proba#
cause1 support$ 0,oa? or
a6irm,n1 & "picul>ly describ+
! place 6be se>*$1 &! p]sons
or ?+s 6be seiz$4
,am5d;t ,v4
,no p]son % 2 held 6answ] =a
capital1 or o!rwise 9fam\s
crime1 un.s on a pres5t;t or
9dict;t (a ,gr& ,jury1 except
9 cases >is+ 9 ! l& or naval
=ces1 or 9 ! ,militia1 :5 9
actual s]vice 9 "t ( ,w> or
public dang]2 nor % any p]son
2 subject =! same (f;e 6be
twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or
limb1 nor % 2 -pell$ 9 any
crim9al case 6be a wit;s ag/
hmf1 nor 2 depriv$ ( life1
lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due
process ( law2 nor % private
prop]ty 2 tak5 = public use
)\t j -p5s,n4
,am5d;t ,,vi4
,9 all crim9al prosecu;ns1 !
a3us$ % 5joy ! "r 6a spe$y &
public trial1 0an im"pial jury
(! ,/ate & 4trict ":9 ! crime
% h be5 -mitt$2 : 4trict % h
be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ 0law1 &
6be 9=m$ (! nature & cause (!
a3us,n2 6be 3front$ )! wit;ses
ag/ hm2 6h -pulsory process =
obta9+ wit;ses 9 8 favor1 & 6h
! assi/.e ( c\nsel = 8 def;e4
,am5d;t ,,vii4
,9 ,suits at -mon law1 ": !
value 9 3trov]sy % exce$ tw5ty
doll>s1 ! "r ( trial #EC
0jury % 2 pres]v$1 & no fact
tri$ 0a jury % 2 o!rwise
re-exam9$ 9 any ,c\rt (!
,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an ac 6! rules
(! -mon law4
,am5d;t ,,viii4
,excessive bail % n 2
requir$1 nor excessive f9es
impos$1 nor cruel & unusual
puni%;ts 9flict$4
,am5d;t ,,ix4
,! enum],n 9 ! ,3/itu;n (
c]ta9 "rs % n 2 3/ru$ 6d5y or
4p>age o!rs reta9$ 0! p4
,am5d;t ,x4
,! p[]s n delegat$ 6! ,unit$
,/ates 0! ,3/itu;n1 nor
prohibit$ 0x 6! ,/ates1 >e
res]v$ 6! ,/ates respectively1
or 6! p4
,am5d;t ,,xi4 99
99 ,! ,elev5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,febru>y #g1
#agie4
,! ,judicial p[] (! ,unit$
,/ates % n 2 3/ru$ 6ext5d 6any
suit 9 law or equ;y1 -m;ed or
prosecut$ ag/ "o (! ,unit$
,/ates 0,citiz5s ( ano!r
,/ate1 or 0,citiz5s or
,subjects ( any ,=eign ,/ate4
,am5d;t ,,xii4 99
99 ,! ,twelf? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,june #ae1 #ahjd4
,! ,electors % meet 9 _!
respective /ates1 & vote
0ballot = ,presid5t & ,vice
,presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at l1/1 %
n 2 an 9habitant (! same /ate
) !mvs2 !y % "n 9 _! ballots !
p]son vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & 9
4t9ct ballots ! p]son vot$ = z
,vice-,presid5t1 & !y % make
4t9ct li/s ( all p]sons vot$ =
z ,presid5t1 &( all #EE
p]sons vot$ = z
,vice-,presid5t1 &(! numb] (
votes = ea*1 : li/s !y % sign
& c]tify1 & transmit s1l$ 6!
s1t (! gov]n;t (! ,unit$
,/ates1 direct$ 6! ,presid5t
(! ,s5ate2--,! ,presid5t (!
,s5ate %1 9 ! pres;e (! ,s5ate
& ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5
all ! c]tificates &! votes %
!n 2 c.t$2--,! p]son hav+ !
grte/ numb] ( votes =
,presid5t1 % 2 ! ,presid5t1 if
s* numb] 2 a major;y (! :ole
numb] ( ,electors appo9t$2 &
if no p]son h s* major;y1 !n f
! p]sons hav+ ! hi<e/ numb]s n
exce$+ ?ree on ! li/ ( ^? vot$
= z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se (
,repres5tatives % *oose immly1
0ballot1 ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9
*oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes % 2
tak5 0/ates1 ! repres5t,n f
ea* /ate hav+ "o vote2 a
quorum = ? purpose % 3si/ (a
memb] or memb]s f two-?irds (!
/ates1 &a major;y ( all !
/ates % 2 nec 6a *oice4 ,7,&
if ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %
n *oose a ,presid5t :5"e ! "r
( *oice % devolve ^u !m1 2f !
f\r? "d ( ,m>* next foll[+1 !n
! ,vice-,presid5t % act z
,presid5t1 z 9 ! case (! d1?
or o!r 3/itu;nal 4abil;y (!
,presid5t--7' 99 ,! p]son hav+
! grte/ numb] ( votes z
,vice-,presid5t1 % 2 !
,vice-,presid5t1 if s* numb] 2
a major;y (! :ole numb] (
,electors appo9t$1 & if no
p]son h a major;y1 !n f ! two
hi<e/ numb]s on ! li/1 !
,s5ate % *oose !
,vice-,presid5t2 a quorum =!
purpose % 3si/ ( two-?irds (!
:ole numb] ( ,s5ators1 &a
major;y (! :ole numb] % 2 nec
6a *oice4 ,b no p]son
3/itu;n,y 9eligi# 6! #EG
(fice ( ,presid5t % 2 eligi#
6t ( ,vice-,presid5t (! ,unit$
,/ates4
99 ,sup]s$$ 0sec;n #c (!
,tw5tie? ,am5d;t4
,am5d;t ,,xiii4 99
99 ,! ,?irte5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,decemb] #f1
#ahfe4
,sec;n #a4 ,nei slav]y nor
9volunt>y s]vitude1 except z a
puni%;t = crime ":( ! "py % h
be5 duly 3vict$1 % exi/ )9 !
,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place
subject 6_! jurisdic;n4
,sec;n #b4 ,3gress % h p[]
65=ce ? >ticle 0appropriate
legisl,n4
,am5d;t ,,xiv4 99
99 ,! ,f\rte5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,july #i1 #ahfh4
,sec;n #a4 ,all p]sons born
or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$
,/ates & subject 6! jurisdic;n
"!(1 >e citiz5s (! ,unit$
,/ates &(! ,/ate ":9 !y
reside4 ,no ,/ate % make or
5=ce any law : % abridge !
privileges or immunities (
citiz5s (! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor
% any ,/ate deprive any p]son
( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1
)\t due process ( law2 nor d5y
6any p]son )9 xs jurisdic;n !
equal protec;n (! laws4
,sec;n #b4 ,repres5tatives %
2 appor;n$ am;g ! s"eal ,/ates
ac 6_! respective numb]s1 c.t+
! :ole numb] ( p]sons 9 ea*
,/ate1 exclud+ ,9dians n tax$4
,b :5 ! "r 6vote at any elec;n
=! *oice ( electors =
,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t (!
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,repres5tatives
9 ,3gress1 ! ,executive &
,judicial (fic]s (a ,/ate1 or
! memb]s (! ,legislature "!(1
is d5i$ 6any (! male #EI
9habitants ( s* ,/ate1 2+
tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & citiz5s
(! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any way
abridg$1 except = "picip,n 9
rebellion1 or o!r crime1 !
basis ( repres5t,n "!9 % 2
reduc$ 9 ! propor;n : ! numb]
( s* male citiz5s % be> 6!
:ole numb] ( male citiz5s
tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 s*
,/ate4
,sec;n #c4 ,no p]son % 2 a
,s5ator or ,repres5tative 9
,3gress1 or elector (
,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1
or hold any (fice1 civil or
milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
or "u any ,/ate1 :o1 hav+
previ\sly tak5 an oa?1 z a
memb] ( ,3gress1 or z an (fic]
(! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb]
( any ,/ate legislature1 or z
an executive or judicial (fic]
( any ,/ate1 6support !
,3/itu;n (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 % h
5gag$ 9 9surrec;n or rebellion
ag/ ! same1 or giv5 aid or -=t
6! 5emies "!(4 ,b ,3gress may
0a vote ( two-?irds ( ea*
,h\se1 remove s* 4abil;y4
,sec;n #d4 ,! valid;y (!
public debt (! ,unit$ ,/ates1
au?oriz$ 0law1 9clud+ debts
9curr$ = pay;t ( p5.ns &
b.ties = s]vices 9 suppress+
9surrec;n or rebellion1 % n 2
"q$4 ,b nei ! ,unit$ ,/ates
nor any ,/ate % assume or pay
any debt or oblig,n 9curr$ 9
aid ( 9surrec;n or rebellion
ag/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any
claim =! loss or emancip,n (
any slave2 b all s* debts1
oblig,ns & claims % 2 held
illegal & void4
,sec;n #e4 ,! ,3gress % h
p[] 65=ce1 0appropriate
legisl,n1 ! provi.ns ( ?
>ticle4
#FA
,am5d;t ,,xv4 99
99 ,! ,fifte5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,febru>y #c1
#ahgj4
,sec;n #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s
(! ,unit$ ,/ates 6vote % n 2
d5i$ or abridg$ 0! ,unit$
,/ates or 0any ,/ate on a3.t (
race1 color1 or previ\s 3di;n
( s]vitude4
,sec;n #b4 ,! ,3gress % h
p[] 65=ce ? >ticle
0appropriate legisl,n4
,am5d;t ,,xvi4 99
99 ,! ,sixte5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,febru>y #c1
#aiac4
,! ,3gress % h p[] 6lay &
collect taxes on 9comes1 f
:at"e s\rce deriv$1 )\t
appor;n;t am;g ! s"eal ,/ates1
& )\t reg>d 6any c5sus or
enum],n4
,am5d;t ,,xvii4 99
99 ,! ,sev5te5? ,am5d;t
0 ratifi$ ,april #h1
#aiac4
,! ,s5ate (! ,unit$ ,/ates %
2 -pos$ ( two ,s5ators f ea*
,/ate1 elect$ 0! p "!(1 = six
ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator % h "o
vote4 ,! electors 9 ea* ,/ate
% h ! qualific,ns requisite =
electors (! mo/ num]\s bran*
(! ,/ate legislatures4
,:5 vacancies happ5 9 !
repres5t,n ( any ,/ate 9 !
,s5ate1 ! executive au?or;y (
s* ,/ate % issue writs (
elec;n 6fill s* vacancies3
.,provid$1 ,t ! legislature (
any ,/ate may emp[] !
executive "!( 6make tempor>y
appo9t;ts until ! p fill !
vacancies 0elec;n z !
legislature may direct4
,? am5d;t % n 2 s 3/ru$ z
6a6ect ! elec;n or t]m ( #FC
any ,s5ator *os5 2f x 2comes
valid z "p (! ,3/itu;n4
,am5d;t ,,xviii4 99
99 ,! ,ei<te5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,janu>y #af1
#aiai4 ,x 0 rep1l$ 0!
,tw5ty-,f/ ,am5d;t1
,decemb] #e1 #aicc4
,7,sec;n #a4 ,af "o ye> f !
ratific,n ( ? >ticle !
manufacture1 sale1 or
transport,n ( 9toxicat+
liquors )91 ! import,n "!(
9to1 or ! export,n "!( f !
,unit$ ,/ates & all t]ritory
subject 6! jurisdic;n "!( =
b"eage purposes is "hby
prohibit$4
,sec;n #b4 ,! ,3gress &!
s"eal ,/ates % h 3curr5t p[]
65=ce ? >ticle 0appropriate
legisl,n4
,sec;n #c4 ,? >ticle % 2
9op]ative un.s x % h be5
ratifi$ z an am5d;t 6!
,3/itu;n 0! legislatures (!
s"eal ,/ates1 z provid$ 9 !
,3/itu;n1 )9 sev5 ye>s f !
date (! submis.n "h( 6! ,/ates
0! ,3gress47'
,am5d;t ,,xix4 99
99 ,! ,n9ete5? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,augu/ #ah1 #aibj4
,! "r ( citiz5s (! ,unit$
,/ates 6vote % n 2 d5i$ or
abridg$ 0! ,unit$ ,/ates or
0any ,/ate on a3.t ( sex4
,3gress % h p[] 65=ce ?
>ticle 0appropriate legisl,n4
,am5d;t ,,xx4 99
99 ,! ,tw5tie? ,am5d;t 0
ratifi$ ,janu>y #bc1
#aicc4
,sec;n #a4 ,! t]ms (!
,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t %
5d at noon on ! #bj? "d (
,janu>y1 &! t]ms ( #FE
,s5ators & ,repres5tatives at
noon on ! #crd "d ( ,janu>y1
(! ye>s 9 : s* t]ms wd h 5d$
if ? >ticle _h n be5 ratifi$2
&! t]ms ( _! su3essors % !n
2g94
,sec;n #b4 ,! ,3gress %
assem# at l1/ once 9 e ye>1 &
s* meet+ % 2g9 at noon on !
#crd "d ( ,janu>y1 un.s !y %
0law appo9t a di6]5t "d4
,sec;n #c4 ,if1 at ! "t fix$
=! 2g9n+ (! t]m (! ,presid5t1
! ,presid5t elect % h di$1 !
,vice ,presid5t elect % 2come
,presid5t4 ,if a ,presid5t % n
h be5 *os5 2f ! "t fix$ =!
2g9n+ ( 8 t]m1 or if !
,presid5t elect % h fail$
6qualify1 !n ! ,vice ,presid5t
elect % act z ,presid5t until
a ,presid5t % h qualifi$2 &!
,3gress may 0law provide =!
case ":9 nei a ,presid5t elect
nor a ,vice ,presid5t elect %
h qualifi$1 dclg :o % !n act z
,presid5t1 or ! mann] 9 : "o
:o is 6act % 2 select$1 & s*
p]son % act acly until a
,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t %
h qualifi$4
,sec;n #d4 ,! ,3gress may
0law provide =! case (! d1? (
any (! p]sons f :om ! ,h\se (
,repres5tatives may *oose a
,presid5t :5"e ! "r ( *oice %
h devolv$ ^u !m1 &=! case (!
d1? ( any (! p]sons f :om !
,s5ate may *oose a ,vice
,presid5t :5"e ! "r ( *oice %
h devolv$ ^u !m4
,sec;n #e4 ,sec;ns #a & #b %
take e6ect on ! #ae? "d (
,octob] foll[+ ! ratific,n ( ?
>ticle4
,sec;n #f4 ,? >ticle % 2
9op]ative un.s x % h be5
ratifi$ z an am5d;t 6!
,3/itu;n 0! legislatures (
?ree-f\r?s (! s"eal #FG
,/ates )9 sev5 ye>s f ! date (
xs submis.n4
,am5d;t ,,xxi4 99
99 ,! ,tw5ty-,f/ ,am5d;t
0 ratifi$ ,decemb] #e1
#aicc4
,sec;n #a4 ,! ei<te5? >ticle
( am5d;t 6! ,3/itu;n (! ,unit$
,/ates is "hby rep1l$4
,sec;n #b4 ,! transport,n or
import,n 96any ,/ate1
,t]ritory1 or posses.n (!
,unit$ ,/ates = deliv]y or use
"!9 ( 9toxicat+ liquors1 9
viol,n (! laws "!(1 is "hby
prohibit$4
,sec;n #c4 ,? >ticle % 2
9op]ative un.s x % h be5
ratifi$ z an am5d;t 6!
,3/itu;n 03v5;ns 9 ! s"eal
,/ates1 z provid$ 9 !
,3/itu;n1 )9 sev5 ye>s f !
date (! submis.n "h( 6! ,/ates
0! ,3gress4
,am5d;t ,,xxii4 99
99 ,! ,tw5ty-,second
,am5d;t 0 ratifi$ ,febru>y
#bg1 #aiea4
,sec;n #a4 ,no p]son % 2
elect$ 6! (fice (! ,presid5t m
?an twice1 & no p]son :o has
held ! (fice ( ,presid5t1 or
act$ z ,presid5t1 = m ?an two
ye>s (a t]m 6: "s o!r p]son 0
elect$ ,presid5t % 2 elect$ 6!
(fice (! ,presid5t m ?an once4
,b ? ,>ticle % n apply 6any
p]son hold+ ! (fice (
,presid5t :5 ? ,>ticle 0
propos$ 0! ,3gress1 & % n
prev5t any p]son :o may 2
hold+ ! (fice ( ,presid5t1 or
act+ z ,presid5t1 dur+ ! t]m
)9 : ? ,>ticle 2comes op]ative
f hold+ ! (fice ( ,presid5t or
act+ z ,presid5t dur+ !
rema9d] ( s* t]m4
,sec;n #b4 ,? >ticle % #FI
2 9op]ative un.s x % h be5
ratifi$ z an am5d;t 6!
,3/itu;n 0! legislatures (
?ree-f\r?s (! s"eal ,/ates )9
sev5 ye>s f ! date ( xs
submis.n 6! ,/ates 0! ,3gress4
,am5d;t ,,xxiii4 99
99 ,! ,tw5ty-,?ird
,am5d;t 0 ratifi$ ,m>*
#bi1 #aifa4
,sec;n #a4 ,! ,4trict
3/itut+ ! s1t ( ,gov]n;t (!
,unit$ ,/ates % appo9t 9 s*
mann] z ! ,3gress may direct3
,a numb] ( electors (
,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t
equal 6! :ole numb] ( ,s5ators
& ,repres5tatives 9 ,3gress 6:
! ,4trict wd 2 5titl$ if x 7 a
,/ate1 b 9 no ev5t m ?an ! l1/
popul\s ,/ate2 !y % 2 9 a4i;n
6^? appo9t$ 0! ,/ates1 b !y %
2 3sid]$1 =! purposes (!
elec;n ( ,presid5t & ,vice
,presid5t1 6be electors
appo9t$ 0a ,/ate2 & !y % meet
9 ! ,4trict & p]=m s* duties z
provid$ 0! twelf? >ticle (
am5d;t4
,sec;n #b4 ,! ,3gress % h
p[] 65=ce ? >ticle
0appropriate legisl,n4
,am5d;t ,,xxiv4 99
99 ,! ,tw5ty-,f\r?
,am5d;t 0 ratifi$ ,janu>y
#bc1 #aifd4
,sec;n #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s
(! ,unit$ ,/ates 6vote 9 any
prim>y or o!r elec;n =
,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t1
= electors = ,presid5t or
,vice ,presid5t1 or = ,s5ator
or ,repres5tative 9 ,3gress1 %
n 2 d5i$ or abridg$ 0! ,unit$
,/ates or any ,/ate 0r1son (
failure 6pay any poll tax or
o!r tax4
,sec;n #b4 ,! ,3gress #GA
% h p[] 65=ce ? >ticle
0appropriate legisl,n4
,am5d;t ,,xxv4 99
99 ,! ,tw5ty-,fif?
,am5d;t 0 ratifi$ ,febru>y
#aj1 #aifg4
,sec;n #a4 ,9 case (!
removal (! ,presid5t f (fice
or ( 8 d1? or resign,n1 !
,vice ,presid5t % 2come
,presid5t4
,sec;n #b4 ,:5"e "! is a
vacancy 9 ! (fice (! ,vice
,presid5t1 ! ,presid5t %
nom9ate a ,vice ,presid5t :o %
take (fice ^u 3firm,n 0a
major;y vote ( bo? ,h\ses (
,3gress4
,sec;n #c4 ,:5"e ! ,presid5t
transmits 6! ,presid5t pro
tempore (! ,s5ate &! ,sp1k] (!
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 8
writt5 decl>,n t he is una#
64*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( 8
(fice1 & until he transmits
6!m a writt5 decl>,n 6! 3tr>y1
s* p[]s & duties % 2 4*>g$ 0!
,vice ,presid5t z ,act+
,presid5t4
,sec;n #d4 ,:5"e ! ,vice
,presid5t &a major;y ( ei !
pr9cipal (fic]s (! executive
de"p;ts or ( s* o!r body z
,3gress may 0law provide1
transmit 6! ,presid5t pro
tempore (! ,s5ate &! ,sp1k] (!
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives _!
writt5 decl>,n t ! ,presid5t
is una# 64*>ge ! p[]s & duties
( 8 (fice1 ! ,vice ,presid5t %
immly assume ! p[]s & duties
(! (fice z ,act+ ,presid5t4
,"!af1 :5 ! ,presid5t
transmits 6! ,presid5t pro
tempore (! ,s5ate &! ,sp1k] (!
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 8
writt5 decl>,n t no 9abil;y
exi/s1 he % resume ! p[]s &
duties ( 8 (fice un.s ! #GC
,vice ,presid5t &a major;y (
ei ! pr9cipal (fic]s (!
executive de"p;t or ( s* o!r
body z ,3gress may 0law
provide1 transmit )9 f\r "ds
6! ,presid5t pro tempore (!
,s5ate &! ,sp1k] (! ,h\se (
,repres5tatives _! writt5
decl>,n t ! ,presid5t is una#
64*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( 8
(fice4 ,"!^u ,3gress % decide
! issue1 assembl+ )9 =ty-ei<t
h\rs = t purpose if n 9 ses.n4
,if ! ,3gress1 )9 tw5ty-"o "ds
af receipt (! latt] writt5
decl>,n1 or1 if ,3gress is n 9
ses.n1 )9 tw5ty-"o "ds af
,3gress is requir$ 6assem#1
det]m9es 0two-?irds vote ( bo?
,h\ses t ! ,presid5t is una#
64*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( 8
(fice1 ! ,vice ,presid5t %
3t9ue 64*>ge ! same z ,act+
,presid5t2 o!rwise1 !
,presid5t % resume ! p[]s &
duties ( 8 (fice4
,am5d;t ,,xxvi4 99
99 ,! ,tw5ty-,six?
,am5d;t 0 ratifi$ ,july
#a1 #aiga4
,sec;n #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s
(! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o >e ei<te5
ye>s ( age or old]1 6vote % n
2 d5i$ or abridg$ 0! ,unit$
,/ates or 0any ,/ate on a3.t (
age4
,sec;n #b4 ,! ,3gress % h
p[] 65=ce ? >ticle
0appropriate legisl,n4
,,dates ,,6,,rememb]
,may #be1 #aghg3 ,!
,3/itu;nal ,3v5;n op5s z a
quorum ( delegates f sev5
/ates 3v5es 9 ,philadelphia1
64cuss revis+ ! ,>ticles (
,3f$],n4 ,soon1 repres5tatives
f #ab (! #ac /ates >e 9 #GE
att5d.e4 ,rhode ,isl& al"o w n
jo9 ! 3v5;n4
,july #ac1 #aghg3 ,! ,3f$],n
,3gress1 meet+ 9 ,new ,york
,c;y1 passes ! ,nor?we/
,ord9.e ) xs antislav]y
provi.n1 xs ,bill ( ,"rs & xs
gu>antee ( religi\s freedom4
,sept4 #ag1 #aghg3 ,!
,3/itu;n is approv$ 0all #ab
/ate deleg,ns1 & is sign$ 0#ci
(! #db delegates pres5t4 ,!
,3v5;n =m,y adj\rns4
,sept4 #bh1 #aghg3 ,!
,3gress (! ,3f$],n resolves
6submit ! ,3/itu;n 6! /ates =
ratific,n4
,dec4 #g1 #aghg3 ,delaw>e is
! f/ /ate 6ratify ! ,3/itu;n4
7,unanim\s2 #cj ,y1s47
,dec4 #ab1 #aghg3
,p5nsylvania 2comes ! second
/ate 6ratify ! ,3/itu;n4 7#df
,y1s2 #bc ,nays47
,dec4 #ah1 #aghg3 ,new
,j]sey 2comes ! ?ird /ate
6ratify ! ,3/itu;n4
7,unanim\s2 #ch ,y1s47
,jan4 #b1 #aghh3 ,georgia
2comes ! f\r? /ate 6ratify !
,3/itu;n4 7,unanim\s2 #bf
,y1s47
,jan4 #i1 #aghh3 ,3necticut
2comes ! fif? /ate 6ratify !
,3/itu;n4 7#abh ,y1s2 #dj
,nays47
,feb4 #f1 #aghh3
,massa*usetts 2comes ! six?
/ate 6ratify ! ,3/itu;n1 b
only af ,f$]ali/s propose n9e
am5d;ts1 9clud+ "o : wd res]ve
6! /ates all p[]s n 8expressly
delegat$0 6! f$]al gov]n;t 0!
,3/itu;n4 7#ahg ,y1s1 #afh
,nays47
,april #bh1 #aghh3 ,m>yl&
2comes ! sev5? /ate 6ratify !
,3/itu;n4 7#fc ,y1s2 #aa
,nays47
,may #bc1 #aghh3 ,s\? #GG
,c>ol9a 2comes ! ei<? /ate
6ratify ! ,3/itu;n4 7#adi
,y1s2 #gc ,nays47
,june #ba1 #aghh3 ,!
,3/itu;n 2comes (ficial :5
,new ,hamp%ire ratifies x1 !
n9? /ate 6d s4 7#eg ,y1s2 #dg
,nays47
,june #be1 #aghh3 ,virg9ia
2comes ! t5? /ate 6ratify !
,3/itu;n1 b recomm5ds a bill (
"rs = ,am]ican citiz5s4 7#hi
,y1s2 #gi ,nays47
,july #bf1 #aghh3 ,new ,york
2comes ! #aa? /ate 6ratify !
,3/itu;n4 7#cj ,y1s2 #bg
,nays47
,feb4 #d1 #aghi3
,presid5tial electors select
,george ,wa%+ton z ! f/
,presid5t & ,john ,adams z !
,vice ,presid5t4 ,/ates elect
repres5tatives & s5ators =!
new ,u4,s4 ,3gress4
,m>* #d1 #aghi3 ,! f/ ,u4,s4
,3gress 3v5es 9 ,new ,york
,c;y4
,april #cj1 #aghi3 ,george
,wa%+ton is 9augurat$ z ! f/
,presid5t (! ,unit$ ,/ates4
,june #h1 #aghi3 ,james
,madison 9troduces propos$
,bill ( ,"rs 96! ,h\se (
,repres5tatives4
,sept4 #bd1 #aghi3 ,3gress
e/abli%es a ,supreme ,c\rt1
#ac 4trict c\rts1 ?ree circuit
c\rts1 &! posi;n ( ,attorney
,g5]al4
,sept4 #be1 #aghi3 ,3gress
passes ! ,bill ( ,"rs & s5ds !
am5d;ts 6! /ates = ratific,n4
,nov4 #ba1 #aghi3 ,nor?
,c>ol9a 2comes ! #ab? /ate
6ratify ! ,3/itu;n1 af ,3gress
proposes a ,bill ( ,"rs4 7#aid
,y1s2 #gg ,nays47
,feb4 #b1 #agij3 ,supreme
,c\rt 3v5es =! f/ "t4
,may #bi1 #agij3 #GI
,rhode ,isl& ratifies !
,3/itu;n1 ! la/ (! orig9al
/ates 6d s4 7#cd ,y1s2 #cb
,nays47
,dec4 #ae1 #agia3 ,virg9ia
ratifies ! ,bill ( ,"rs1 &!
am5d;ts 2come "p (! ,u4,s4
,3/itu;n4
,,! ,,5d
,? brl pr9t+ (! ,unit$ ,/ates
,3/itu;n & ,decl>,n (
,9dep5d;e has be5 made possi#
0a grant f ! ,society (
,colonial ,w>s 9 ! ,-monw1l? (
,massa*usetts4
,transcrib$ & emboss$ 0,n,nal
,brl ,press ,9c41 (f]+ a3ess
69=m,n = bl p s9ce #aibg4
,free brl copies (! ,u4,s4
,3/itu;n & ,decl>,n (
,9dep5d;e c 2 ord]$ f3
,n,nal ,brl ,press ,9c4
#hh ,/4 ,/eph5 ,/reet
,bo/on1 ,,ma #jbaae
7#hjj7 #edh-gcbc
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