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HEALTH :
PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND FITNESS :
VITAMINS: VITAMIN D :
MUSCLE STRENGTH:
High Levels of Vitamin D May Improve Muscle Strength
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High Levels of Vitamin D May Improve Muscle Strength
Written by Ana Sandoiu
Published: Thursday 16 February 2017
Medical News Today (MNT)
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315863.php
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"Vitamin D has numerous health benefits, from keeping our bones and teeth
healthy to potentially even protecting against diseases such as diabetes
and certain types of cancer. A new study suggests that vitamin D may also
improve muscle strength. [vitamin D written in the sand] New research
suggests that active levels of vitamin D may improve muscle function.
Vitamin D is key for the development and maintenance of healthy bones. It
also has many positive effects on the immune system, endocrine glands, and
cardiovascular system."
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Some observational studies have linked vitamin D deficiency with a higher
risk of colorectal and breast cancer, while others have found a
correlation between vitamin D levels and the risk of autoimmune diseases
such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
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A new study - carried out by researchers from the University of Birmingham
in the United Kingdom - investigates the effect of vitamin D levels on
muscle strength.
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The findings were published in the journal PLOS One.
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Analyzing the effect of vitamin D on muscle mass
Using innovative technology, researchers were able to study both active
and inactive vitamin D levels, together with their impact on muscle
strength.
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Vitamin D - whether it is in D2 or D3 form - is, by itself, biologically
inactive, until it is activated by two enzymatic reactions: one in the
liver and the other in the kidney.
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Dr. Zaki Hassan-Smith, from the University of Birmingham, explains the
novelty of the research procedure in the current study:
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"Previous studies have tested for the inactive forms of vitamin D in the
bloodstream, to measure vitamin D deficiency. Here, we were able to
develop a new method of assessing multiple forms of vitamin D, alongside
extensive testing of body composition, muscle function, and muscle gene
expression."
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The team examined vitamin D levels in 116 healthy participants aged
between 20 and 74. They also measured the participants' body fat and "lean
body mass" - a measure of muscle mass, obtained by subtracting the body
fat weight from the total body weight.
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Supplemental vitamin D may enhance muscle function
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Conversely, women with more body fat tended to have less inactive vitamin
D. While this does suggest a relationship between vitamin D and body
composition, the active form of vitamin D did not correlate with body fat.
Instead, vitamin D levels were linked with lean mass.
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25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exert distinct effects
on human skeletal muscle function and gene expression
Zaki K. Hassan-Smith, Carl Jenkinson, David J. Smith, Ivan Hernandez,
Stuart A. Morgan, Nicola J. Crabtree, Neil J. Gittoes, Brian G. Keevil,
Paul M. Stewart, Martin Hewison
Published: February 15, 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170665
Abstract
Age-associated decline in muscle function represents a significant public
health burden. Vitamin D-deficiency is also prevalent in aging subjects,
and has been linked to loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), but
the precise role of specific vitamin D metabolites in determining muscle
phenotype and function is still unclear. To address this we quantified
serum concentrations of multiple vitamin D metabolites, and assessed the
impact of these metabolites on body composition/muscle function
parameters, and muscle biopsy gene expression in a retrospective study of
a cohort of healthy volunteers. Active serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
(1a,25(OH)2D3), but not inactive 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), correlated
positively with measures of lower limb strength including power (rho =
0.42, p = 0.02), velocity (Vmax, rho = 0.40, p = 0.02) and jump height
(rho = 0.36, p = 0.04). Lean mass correlated positively with 1a,25(OH)2D3
(rho = 0.47, p = 0.02), in women. Serum 25OHD3 and inactive
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) had an inverse relationship with
body fat (rho = -0.30, p = 0.02 and rho = -0.33, p = 0.01, respectively).
Serum 25OHD3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were also correlated with urinary steroid
metabolites, suggesting a link with glucocorticoid metabolism. PCR array
analysis of 92 muscle genes identified vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA in
all muscle biopsies, with this expression being negatively correlated with
serum 25OHD3, and Vmax, and positively correlated with fat mass. Of the
other 91 muscle genes analysed by PCR array, 24 were positively correlated
with 25OHD3, but only 4 were correlated with active 1a,25(OH)2D3. These
data show that although 25OHD3 has potent actions on muscle gene
expression, the circulating concentrations of this metabolite are more
closely linked to body fat mass, suggesting that 25OHD3 can influence
muscle function via indirect effects on adipose tissue. By contrast, serum
1a,25(OH)2D3 has limited effects on muscle gene expression, but is
associated with increased muscle strength and lean mass in women. These
pleiotropic effects of the vitamin D metabolome on muscle function
indicate that future supplementation studies should not be restricted to
conventional analysis of the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25OHD3.
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Citation: Hassan-Smith ZK, Jenkinson C, Smith DJ, Hernandez I, Morgan SA,
Crabtree NJ, et al. (2017) 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 exert distinct effects on human skeletal muscle function and gene
expression. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0170665. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170665
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Introduction
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The effects of vitamin D on calcium homeostasis and bone health are well
established. In recent years there has been great interest in its
non-skeletal actions, with growing evidence from epidemiological, basic
and clinical studies that vitamin D status is associated with effects
including those on muscle function, body fat, immunity and cardiovascular
disease risk [1]. Myopathy has long-been recognised to co-exist with
reduced bone mineralization in the severe vitamin D deficiency states of
rickets and osteomalacia [2]. In view of the great public health burden of
so-called sarcopenia and age-associated declines in muscle strength and
function, there is significant interest in whether vitamin D may have a
role in improving the healthy lifespan. Recent meta-analyses indicate that
vitamin D supplementation in deficient elderly individuals reduces risk of
falls [3]. There is also some evidence of beneficial effects on muscle
strength and physical performance, however this is limited by
heterogeneity of study designs, so that current guidelines do not
recommend vitamin D supplementation for this indication [46].
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Although basic research using cell culture and animal models has
identified pathways by which vitamin D impacts upon muscle function, the
situation in humans requires further delineation. In particular, although
biopsy studies have demonstrated changes in muscle morphology in vitamin D
deficient disease states, detailed analyses of the relationship between
vitamin D status and gene expression of muscle atrophy markers are lacking
[1]. There is also debate as to the optimal circulating levels of vitamin
D, with further data on the impacts on human health and function required
[5]. Furthermore in clinical practice, vitamin D status is defined by
measurement of a single metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3).
Recently developed high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass
spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques allow the quantification of multiple
vitamin D metabolites, and to date this approach has not been used to
assess their relationship with markers of muscle mass and function [7].
With these observations in mind, the aim of the current study was to
perform an in-depth analysis of the relationship between serum vitamin D
metabolites and muscle phenotype in a healthy human cohort.
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Sections of This Article
Figures
Materials and methods
Subjects
Serum high-throughput vitamin D metabolite analysis by liquid
chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry
Urine steroid profiling by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan
Muscle strength testing
Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy
Quantitative (real-time) PCR array analyses
==========================
Article
Authors
Metrics
Comments
Related Content
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Supporting information
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
References
Reader Comments (1)
Media Coverage (0)
Figures
Abstract
============================
Statistical analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Subject characteristics
Vitamin D metabolites and body composition and biochemical parameters
Vitamin D metabolites and muscle function parameters
25OHD3, 1,25(OH)2D3, VDR and skeletal muscle gene expression
Discussion
Supporting information
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by an NIH P50 grant to M.H. (AR063020-01 NIH/NIAMS)
and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant Precort to P.M.S.). The
authors thank Peter Nightingale, Theresa Brady, Pamela Jones, Claire Brown
(National Institute for Health Research-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research
Facility, Birmingham), Dean P. Larner, Angela E. Taylor and Beverly Hughes
(University of Birmingham). The clinical visit was carried out at the
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/Wellcome Trust Birmingham
Clinical Research Facility. The views expressed are those of the
authors(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the
Department of Health.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: ZKH-S CJ SAM PMS MH.
Data curation: ZKH-S NJC NLG.
Formal analysis: ZKH-S MH.
Funding acquisition: PMS MH.
Investigation: SAM IH NJC BGK.
Methodology: ZKH-S CJ PMS MH.
Project administration: ZKH-S PMS MH.
Resources: BGK NLG.
Software: ZKH-S DJS.
Supervision: BGK PMS MH.
Validation: ZKH-S CJ NJC MH.
Writing original draft: ZKH-S MH.
Writing review & editing: DJS NJG PMS.
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