I would suggest for those interested to watch (it is easy and web based) on blogging heads the "semnar" with Sayre Mc Cord G (june 2008) on the theme of the analogy between morality and mathematics On Tue, 17 Jun 2008 wokshevs@xxxxxx wrote: > A very fine, clarifying account provided by Donal below, imo. The same issue > that Donal arrives at regarding mathematical knowledge is also an issue in > moral knowledge. In *Truth and Justification*, Habermas discounts realism in > the moral realm and goes the anti-realist route. (Moral judgements are > justification-immanent, not justification-transcendent like truth.) And yet, > he grants that justifiable validity claims to moral rightness - i.e., those > upon which we can agree as to their generalizability (not "universalizability" > a la Kant) under idealized epistemic conditions of symmetry and reciprocity > -possess both a moment of construction and one of discovery. Our understanding > of math may not be all that dissimilar from our understanding of morality. I > hazard the guess that Habermas would admit moral knowledge into Popper's > "World > Three," on the assumption that Donal's reconstruction of Popper is accurate. > Its > moral inhabitants include all actual and possible moral judgements that > satisfy > epistemic conditions of generalizability as established within discourse. > > Thanks to Donal for some fine informative philosophizing here. > > Walter O. > MUN > > > > Quoting Donal McEvoy <donalmcevoyuk@xxxxxxxxxxx>: > > > > > > > > > --- On Sun, 15/6/08, wokshevs@xxxxxx <wokshevs@xxxxxx> wrote: > > > > > Almost makes perfect sense to me. The fact that I don't > > > know the constituents of > > > DNA does not entail there is no objective knowledge of DNA. > > > The harder part is > > > generalizing my ignorance across all cognitive beings, > > > past, present and > > > future. In what sense would "knowledge" of DNA > > > "exist" in such circumstances? > > > Surely only as a possibility. And is possible objective > > > knowledge really > > > objective "knowledge?" > > > > The most important of these interesting comments is, to me, "Surely only as > > a > > possibility". > > > > While one might devil's advocate Popper's views ad nauseum (and his views > > are, of course, worth this), a central problem is to address the existence > > of > > "objective knowledge" along a scale from 'actualised' knowledge [e.g. > > 'knowledge' (or theories) we have reason to believe were, or have been, > > encoded in W1 or 'thunk' in W2] to "objective knowledge" whose 'reality' is > > not (as yet?) encoded on W1 or W2 and so, for example, is, at best, > > something > > that exists in "W3.3" [i.e. the realm of "objective knowledge" that has so > > far not been encoded in W1 or W2 in any way, and in this sense has never > > been > > "actualised" by humans]. > > > > We might then ask of this "W3.3" - is all of it humanly accessible i.e. > > capable - at least potentially - of being "actualised" by humans? Even > > should > > we say 'yes' to this question, we might be invited to say where on the scale > > of possibility this "potential" exists? [Clearly anything that actually > > exists must be something that could possibly exist; but the mere fact > > something could possibly exist hardly gives in itself any clue to the > > likelihood that it might, or probably does - or will, exist]. > > > > Take Popper's example of the sequence of natural numbers. He seems to > > suggest > > that this sequence did not exist in the world before we invented it [it did > > not exist at the W1 'Big Bang' or whatever; it only came into existence > > through an interaction of human W2 grasp of the concept of enumeration and > > of > > feedback between W2 and W3 constructs developed from such a concept]. He > > seems to suggest, however, that while the sequence does not predate our > > invention, there are objective properties to that sequence [e.g. 'odd and > > even numbers', 'prime numbers'] that come into existence along with the > > sequence i.e. these properties are there whether we realise it or not and > > whether we encode them as such or not. > > > > But in what way are they not encoded in the enumerated sequence of natural > > numbers? If they are there to be discovered, why can't we equally say that > > the very sequence of natural numbers itself was there to be discovered i.e. > > the sequence was _there_ to be discovered (as were the primes and odd and > > even numbers contained within it) even before we invented a means to > > spotlight its existence? > > > > I write this partly because I accept the following at face value and as > > true:- > > > > > Note that to caricature a position is not necessarily to > > > demean or discount it > > > in any way. One can believe the position or idea to be > > > itself quite profound, > > > as I do in this cae, and try to gain further clarity about > > > it by exaggerating > > > some of its features within analysis. > > > > We are tottering it seems on the large issue of realism/anti-realism in the > > theory of knowledge and, in particular, of mathematical knowledge. > > > > Donal > > > > > > __________________________________________________________ > > Sent from Yahoo! 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