Donal provides the last words of every happy lawyer: as they burnt him at the stake it was clear his argument had wonHow does a lawyer ever improve or even seek to improve his arguments if he can always "argue" that his argument "had won," even as his innocent client is being led to the gallows or stake? What private criteria of evaluation is Donal claiming as the universal measure of the quality of an argument?
Is light a wave or a particle? Present your arguments. Donal McEvoy will tell you which argument wins. Clearly.
I submit that there can never be a so-called "valid" argument for either position on this question of fact. Perhaps valid arguments may be proposed for questions like "Is it better to get up early or late in the morning?" Popper, I assume, however, is more interested in questions of fact like "Is the universe expanding?" And for that there are good and less good arguments, but no "valid" arguments. The validity of arguments about facts can only be judged by Laplace's Demon or a similarly omniscient entity.
Richard HenningeUniversity of Mainz
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