Eric Yost wrote an interesting synopsis of Nabokov's _Bend Sinister_ concluding: "Is it resentment? Is it feeling offended? Or is it the transfiguration of one or the other by art? After all, in offense or resentment seen through art, the irrational is held in an extremely rational container." I am aesthetically challenged so I won't dare comment on the Nabokov, but in the realm of morals, it matters whether norms 'satisfy' the moral offense to which said norms are a response. I admit this talk of 'satisfaction' is on shaky grounds but as even the Sage of Koenigsberg had to acknowledge, practical reason requires some assurance that there is a happy relation between conditions in the world and reason itself. In other words, part of what gives morality its normative force is the conviction that being moral makes a difference in the world. I will throw caution to the wind and suggest that perhaps something similar is the case with aesthetic works. Sincerely, Phil Enns Yogyakarta, Indonesia ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html