Robert Paul wrote: "So, are such beliefs arrived at or discovered?" It seems to me they are epiphenomenal. We live a certain way and when the occasion calls for it, we articulate this way of living in propositional form. The beliefs I formulate on these occasions are not recollected since I can be wrong about what I believe. Nor can these beliefs be created on the spot since other people occasionally see what I believe better than I and before I do. A: "Phil, what do you think about ... ?" Phil: "Hmmm, haven't really thought much about that but I suppose that I believe ..." A: "But you are .. and you also believe ... I think you believe ..." Phil: "Hmmm, you're right. I suppose, then, that I believe ..." A linguistic Ausserung, as it were. Sincerely, Phil Enns Toronto, ON ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html