--- The idea of 'native' speaker is Chomskyan. He invented it early 1966. And he was quoting "A. P. Grice", wrongly, by that time (in name index to his "Aspects of the Theory of Syntax". I claim that I would KNOW if, if I witness two people in a Thai bar, talking to each other: -- they are both native speakers. without me understanding a word of what they are saying -- provided they are talking in Thai, rather than, say, another language I may know more of. SYMPTOMS: face gestures FLUENCY -- this is the most important thing -- no hesitation. RHYTHM and speed etc. Ditto for English. I can VERY WELL detect the slightest of accent, which to me disqualifies a person as a native speaker, never mind odd grammar. This _is_ strange because you can do it with French, Italian, etc. I can be with A. Palma (a native speaker of ONLY ITALIAN -- since he was born on the Isle of Venice) and someone else he both know (Geary), and note that Geary hesitates here and there, showing that he is not a native speaker of Italian. He says, "Okay -- I'm fed up. Let's switch to Mississippi Delta Southern English." And starts a logorrheic account of his latest sexual escapade. Palma looks at me, and looks at Geary, and back at me, and says, "Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'entrate". I laugh so loud that some people do take me for a native Italian! Isn't life fun -- vita e bella. J. L. Speranza Bordighera, Buenos Aires, etc. **************Download the AOL Classifieds Toolbar for local deals at your fingertips. (http://toolbar.aol.com/aolclassifieds/download.html?ncid=emlcntusdown00000004) ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html