Yes, I agree with your reasoning absolutely! However, your reasoning here, which I agree with, is addressing and focusing more on the logic and validity of (a) given mechanics or combination of mechanics ( a single/multiple stops along a train of thought/ the destinations themselves).......while I am attempting to address and focusing more specifically the thought process ( the rail road tracks themselves not the destinations) for the most logical path to pursue the discovery of the mechanics regardless of what those mechanics are in reality, not necessarily the validity of any given Mechanics.....I know the two approaches cannot be totally isolated from the other the difference is just one of emphasis I think ......Both approaches are necessary I believe. I just picked this approach here because to me it is mostly overlooked and thus more subtle and the more difficult of the arguments to make...Paul??s and any other dissenting comments are useful so as to force and refine the clarity........ However, I also believe that it could ultimately be the most powerful since it attacks the fundamental reasoning process itself for any given "thought train"as in the HC/AC thought train........ Akin to the railroad tracks and route chosen, not just the logic of a single or multiple destination point(s) along the train tracks especially since the same destination point can be arrived at from an almost innumerable number of routes or train tracks.. ( ie Mach??s principle does not tell you how to get to the conclusion it only tells you that you could have gotten there in one of two ways but there is left a whole thought train/ process for picking one or the other routes as well as the direction of the route itself.).... You and the others are quite capable of making the necessary and logical arguments for any given mechanics or combination or mechanics ( destination points/ conclusions) within the various thought processes themselves ( routes the tracks take)...I am just thinking out loud now and trying to reach greater clarity in the explanations......I hope . Robert Bennett <robert.bennett@xxxxxxx> wrote: Paul, Allen, Allen said: ?the same destination point can be arrived at from an almost innumerable number of routes or train tracks..? Yes, so an effect (observed cosmic properties) can have multiple causes ? a valid logical principle. Finding one cause shows necessity, not sufficiency. But HC folks say that Newton?s laws are the ONLY cause that explains the effect. If Newton?s law of gravity explains the cosmos, then the aether can ?t. This is the logical error- denial of multiple causation. This error exists even before HC is shown to be false. In logical terms Allen is sustaining this principle => insufficiency of a single cause. Note: In terms of the 2 syllogisms below, if both GC and HC are true, then AC is true. But since HC is false/invalid, AC is also! Ah, the power of logical thinking? In terms of the apt train metaphor, HC and AC have been derailed ? what a devastating logical train wreck for modernists. Stay on the right tracks, Allen. Robert HC logic: If Newton?s laws were valid, HC would be valid. But Newton?s laws are valid So HC is valid. GC logic: If the aether were valid, GC would be valid. But the aether is valid So GC is valid. But Newton?s laws are invalid for galactic rotation and , if HC is valid, then AC ? relativity - cannot be valid. So HC is invalid. Robert