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Due to the original limits of the ASCII character system, where only 256 characters are available, a new method of sending email was developed to allow a greater number of characters. Most commonly, these are the European characters, like the German Umlat.
Because they can't be recognized by all character sets as they are (since they're not within the original 256-character implementation), combinations of those original 256 characters are combined to provide a method of translating those plain text characters into things like the German Umlat.
Example: "=E9" becomes the French "e accent aigu."
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